什么引起了英国文艺复兴
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In the mid-1300s,a bold new spirit began in the cities of Italy and then spread throughout Europe.This time is known as the Renaissance.Renaissance means "rebirth".This era produced great achievements in the arts and science.It also challenged the power of the Chrch,beginning a movement for religious change know as the Reformation.
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The "rebirth" that occurred during the Renaissance resulted from renewed interest in the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome.This study of these cultures led to a new outlook known as humanism that changed people's thinking in Europe in important ways.The Middle Ages,the period that came before the Renaissance,had stressed human dependence on God and the importance of spiritual life.
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By contrast,the humanists celebrated human freedom and the joys of this world.They believe that there were no limits to what human beings could accomplish.As one humanist claimed,"Men can do all things if they will."
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The Renaissance began in the 1300s in the independent Italian city-states,which were made up of a city and the surrounding territory it ruled.
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Many of these city-states,such as Florence,Venice,and Milan,had grown rich from the increase of trade during the late Middle Ages.Using their wealth from trade,the Italian city-states beautified their churches,palaces,and other public buildings with great works of art.
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The Renaissance produced an extraordinary flowering of the arts.It gave artists new subjects for their art and new styles in whinch to work.In particular,painters and scultors made their works far more realistic than the art of the Middle Ages had been.
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Great changes also took place in the sciences.In the Middle Ages,the Church had closely controlled the advancemnt of science,limiting research and experiment.
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During the Renaissance, there were challenges to this control.New scientific instruments were invented,such as the telescope.Using these inventions,scientists made discoveries that prompted them to propose bold new theories about the world around them.Another invention,the printing press,helped spread the ideas and works of Renaissance thinkers,writers,and scientists throughout Europe.As books became more available,the number of people able to read increased greatly.
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The spread of humanism and reading began the Reformation,a movement for change in the Catholic Church.Because the reformers in this movement were protesting waht they saw as evils in the Church,they became known as Protestants.Protestant groups across Europe first sought change in the existing Catholic Church,but later formed new Christian churched of their own.
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By the early 1600s,the Renaissance spirit began to decline.However,this period produced a rich and lasting heritage of thought,art,literate,and science that has had a huge effect on world history and modern culture.
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在英国，代表人物有托马斯·莫尔和莎士比亚。托马斯·莫尔是著名的人文主义思想家，也是空想社会主义的奠基人。1516年他用拉丁文写成的《乌托邦》是空想社会主义的第一部作品。莎士比亚是天才的戏剧家和诗人，他同荷马、但丁、歌德一起，被誉为欧洲划时代的四大作家。他的的作品结构完整，情节生动，语言丰富精炼，人物个性突出，集中地代表欧洲文艺复兴文学的最高成就，对欧洲现实主义文学的发展有深远的影响。
在莎士比亚之前的英国，以马洛为首的大学才子派为后来戏剧艺术在英国的繁荣奠定了基础。
最简单的
资本主义萌芽 资产阶级需要思想解放
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