达尔文简介 达尔文简介 (全英)

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\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08C.R.Darwin\uff0c1809.2.12\u20141882.4.19\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u73af\u7403\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u5728\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u548c\u5730\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u91c7\u96c6\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7efc\u5408\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u30021859\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u9707\u52a8\u5f53\u65f6\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u6599\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u9057\u4f20\u3001\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u751f\u5b58\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u7531\u4f4e\u7b49\u5230\u9ad8\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u552f\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u795e\u9020\u8bba\u201d\u548c"\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d8\u8bba"\u3002\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5c06\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u201d\u5217\u4e3a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u548c\u8f6c\u5316\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\u3002 \u8fbe\u5c14\u658751\u5c81\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45[1]\u4ed6\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5929\u62e9\u4e0e\u6027\u62e9\uff0c\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u901a\u7528\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u3002

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http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/06/17 11:37 \u82f1\u8bed\u5e7f\u573a


Father of Modern Biology: Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England\u2014certainly not Darwin himself \u2014had any idea of the future he had before him.

His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.

Charles soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.

He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.

In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying \uff1a\u201cAs you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.\u201d

But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening. But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.

Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest. With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.

He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7. At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.

Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended8. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.

In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.

He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour. His notebooks were full of detailed observations.

Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?

They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.

\u201cHow can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?\u201d Charles wondered.

A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.

\u201cSo those trees once stood by the sea,\u201d thought Darwin. \u201cThe sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...\u201d. To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.

In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.

As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.

But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man. But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like \u201cmistakes\u201d which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?

On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had these islands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years \u2014a million years for each island. Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.

After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.

He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children. He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.

His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.

Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together. A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.

People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.

Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.

His health grew worse, but still he worked. \u201cWhen I have to give up observation, I shall die,\u201d he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.




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\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u7b80\u5355\u7684:1. Darwin's evolutionary theory and its impact

Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from lower forms of life. Humans were special, not because God had created them in His image, but because they had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on their survival?making characteristics genetically. Survival of the fittest is the fact or principle of the survival of the forms of plant and animal life best fitted for existing conditions, while related but less fit forms become extinct.

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文,英国生物学家,进化论的奠基人。曾乘贝格尔号舰作了历时5 年的环球航行, 对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》这一划时代的著作,提出了生物进化论学说,从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论和物种不变论。除了生物学外,他的理论对人类学、心理学及哲学的发展都有不容忽视的影响。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一。

1831—1836年,他以博物学家的身份,参加了英国派遣的环球航行,做了五年的科学考察。在动植物和地质方面进行了大量的观察和采集,经过综合探讨,形成了生物进化的概念。1859年出版了震动当时学术界的《物种起源》。书中用大量资料证明了形形色色的生物都不是上帝创造的,而是在遗传、变异、生存斗争中和自然选择中,由简单到复杂,由低等到高等,不断发展变化的,提出了生物进化论学说,从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论和物种不变论。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一(其他两个是细胞学说,能量守恒和转化定律)。 他所提出的天择与性择,在目前的生命科学中是一致通用的理论。除了生物学之外,他的理论对人类学、心理学以及哲学来说也相当重要。 [达尔文的祖父曾预示过进化论,但碍于声誉,始终未能公开其信念。他的祖父和父亲都是当地的名医,家里希望他将来继承祖业,1825年16岁时便被父亲送到爱丁堡大学学医。 因为达尔文无意学医,进到医学院后,他仍然经常到野外采集动植物标本并对自然历史产生了浓厚的兴趣。父亲认为他“游手好闲”、“不务正业”,一怒之下,于 1828年又送他到剑桥大学,改学神学,希望他将来成为一个“尊贵的牧师”,这样,他可以继续他对博物学的爱好而又不至于使家族蒙羞,但是达尔文对自然历史的兴趣变得越加浓厚,完全放弃了对神学的学习。在剑桥期间,达尔文结识了当时著名的植物学家 J.亨斯洛和著名地质学家席基威克,并接受了植物学和地质学研究的科学训练。 1831年毕业于剑桥大学后,他的老师亨斯洛推荐他以“博物学家”的身份参加同年12月27日英国海军“小猎犬号”舰环绕世界的科学考察航行。先在南美洲东海岸的巴西、阿根廷等地和西海岸及相邻的岛屿上考察,然后跨太平洋至大洋洲,继而越过印度洋到达南非,再绕好望角经大西洋回到巴西,最后于1836年10月2日返抵英国。 这次航海改变了达尔文的生活。回到英格兰后,他一直忙于研究,立志成为一个促进进化论的严肃的科学家。1838年,他偶尔读了T.马尔萨斯的《人口论》,从中得到启发,更加确定他自己正在发展的一个很重要的想法:世界并非在一周内创造出来的,地球的年纪远比《圣经》所讲的老得多,所有的动植物也都改变过,而且还在继续变化之中,至于人类,可能是由某种原始的动物转变而成的,也就是说,亚当和夏娃故事根本就是神话。达尔文领悟到生存斗争在生物生活中意义,并意识到自然条件就是生物进化中所必须有的“选择者”,具体的自然条件不同,选择者就不同,选择的结果也就不相同。 然而,他对发表研究结果抱着极其谨慎的态度。1842年,他开始撰写一份大纲,后将它扩展至数篇文章。1858年,出于年轻的博物学家 R.华莱士的创造性顿悟的压力,加之好友的鼓动,达尔文决定把华莱士的文章和他自己的一部分论稿呈交专业委员会。1859年,《物种起源》一书问世,初版1250册当天即告售罄。以后达尔文费了二十年的时间搜集资料,以充实他的物种通过自然选择进化的学说,并阐述其后果和意义。 作为一个不求功名但具创造性气质的人,达尔文回避了对其理论的争议。当宗教狂热者攻击进化论与《圣经》的创世说相违背时,达尔文为科学家和心理学家写了另外几本书。《人类的由来和性选择》一书报告了人类自较低的生命形式进化而来的证据,报告了动物和人类心理过程相似性的证据,还报告了进化过程中自然选择的证据。

达尔文简介

1809年2月12日,是英国伟大的生物学家、进化论奠基人达尔文的生日。每年的这一天,全世界各个国家都有人为之举行纪念活动。

达尔文出生在英格兰西部希鲁普郡一个世代医生的家庭,他的父亲瓦尔宁曾把他送到爱丁堡大学学医,希望他将来也能成为名医、继承家业。

但达尔文从小就热爱大自然,尤其喜欢打猎、采集矿物和动植物标本。进到医学院后,他仍然经常到野外采集动植物标本。父亲认为他“游手好闲”、“不务正业”,一怒之下,于1828年又送他到剑桥大学,改学神学,希望他将来成为一个“尊贵的牧师”。达尔文对神学院的神创论等谬说十分厌烦,他仍然把大部分时间用在听自然科学讲座,自学大量的自然科学书籍。热心于收集甲虫等动植物标本,对神秘的大自然充满了浓厚的兴趣。1831年,年青的达尔文经汉斯罗教授的推荐,以自然科学家的身份、有机会参加了贝格尔舰历时五年的环球考察。这五年考察,用达尔文自己的话来说,这是一件决定了他一生整个事业的大事,在这五年中,他跋山涉水,进入深山密林。大自然的奇花异草、珍禽异兽,千奇百怪的变异,把他的整个心吸引去了,他开始对圣经上“形形色色的生物,都是上帝制造出来,而且物种是不变的”说教,开始产生了怀疑。最后,终于以“物种逐渐变化”的大胆假设,摒弃了物种不变的说教。

为了避免偏见和替自己理论找到更多的根据,当时他专心到甚至连自己的婚事都忘了,他不但细致地整理了在大自然中可收集到的各种变异事实,还广泛收集了动物在家养条件下的各种变异事实,查阅了大量书籍和资料,最后终于在1859年11月24日出版了一部划时代的巨著——《物种起源》。马克思说,这本书实际上也为历史上的阶级斗争提供了“自然科学根据”。

达尔文是一位杰出的科学家,他划时代贡献、为人类科学事业的发展开辟了新的广阔前景,因此,1882年4月19日当他逝世以后,人们为了表达对他的敬仰,把他安葬在另一位科学界伟大人物牛顿的墓旁,享受着一个自然科学家的最高荣誉。

达尔文(Charles Robert Darwin,1809-1882)英国博物学家,进化论的奠基人。1809年2月12日,出生于英国医生家庭。1825年至1828年在爱丁大学学医,后进入剑桥大学学习神学。1831年从剑桥大学毕业后,以博物学家的身份乘海军勘探船“贝格尔号(Beagle)”作历时5年(1831-1836)的环球旅行,观察和搜集了动物、植物和地质等方面的大量材料,经过归纳整理和综合分析,形成了生物进行的概念。1859年出版《物种起源(On the Origin of Species)》一书,全面提出以自然选择(Theoty of Natural Selection)为基础的进化学说。该书出版震动当时的学术界,成为生物学史上的一个转折点。自然选择的进化学说对各种唯心的神造论、目的论和物种不变论提出根本性的挑战。使当时生物学各领域已经形成的概念和观念发生根本性的改变。随后达尔文又发表了《动物和植物在家养下的变异(The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication ,1868)》、《人类由来及性的选择(The Descent of Man ,1871)》和《人类和动物的表情(The Expression of the Emotions in Animals and Man,1872) 》等书,对人工选择作了系统的叙述,并提出性选择及人类起源的理论,进一步充实了进化学说的内容。

1809年2月12日 达尔文(13张)   查尔斯·达尔文出生在英国施鲁斯伯里镇   1817年   他的母亲去世。   1817年~1825年   在施鲁斯伯里私立中学就读。   1825年~1827年   在苏格兰爱丁堡大学攻读医学。   1828年~1831年   在英国剑桥大学攻读神学。   1831年~1836年   随贝格尔号军舰环球考察。   1837年   开始写作第一本物种演变笔记。   1838年   阅读托马斯·马尔萨斯的著作《人口论》   1839年   1月,与爱玛·韦奇伍德结婚;12月,儿子威廉出生;严重疾病的第一阶段。 达尔文画像 作者 陈玉先1839年~1843年   编纂五卷本巨著《贝格尔号航行期内的动物志》   1842年   移居到伦敦郊外的达温宅。   1842~1846年   撰写三卷本著作《贝格尔号航行期内的地质学》。   1844年   撰写未发表的阐述进化论的论文。   1846年~1855年   就藤壶问题进行研究写作。   1848年   父亲去世;健康状况不佳并持续很长时间。女儿安妮去世。   1855年   开始撰写关于进化论的主要著作。   1858年   伦敦林纳学会宣读达尔文和华莱士的各自关于进化论的论文。小儿子夭折。   1859年   发表《物种起源》。   1860年   英国科学促进会年会在牛津大学关于进化问题的大辩论。 达尔文的成就、家庭成员和社会关系(20张)   1863年~1865年   病情延续。   1868年   发表《家养动物和培育植物的变异》。   19世纪70年代   发表五部关于植物的著作。   1871年   发表《人类起源和性选择》。   1872年   发表《人类和动物情感的表达》   1880年   出版的《植物的运动力》一书中总结了植物的向光性的实验。    1881年   发表关于蚯蚓的著作。   1882年   4月19日,达尔文在达温宅逝世;厚葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂

中文名:查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文外文名:Charles Robert Darwin国籍:英国出生地:英国出生日期:1809年2月12日逝世日期:1882年4月19日职业:生物学家,博物学家毕业院校:剑桥大学信仰:唯物主义主要成就:创立生物进化论代表作品:《物种起源》、动物和植物在家养下的变异、人类的由来和性选择》查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文,英国生物学家,进化论的奠基人。曾乘贝格尔号舰作了历时5 年的环球航行, 对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》这一划时代的著作,提出了生物进化论学说,从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论和物种不变论。除了生物学外,他的理论对人类学、心理学及哲学的发展都有不容忽视的影响。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一。

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文,英国生物学家,进化论的奠基人。曾乘贝格尔号舰作了历时5 年的环球航行, 对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》这一划时代的著作,提出了生物进化论学说,从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论和物种不变论。除了生物学外,他的理论对人类学、心理学及哲学的发展都有不容忽视的影响。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一。中文名:查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文外文名:Charles Robert Darwin国籍:英国出生地:英国出生日期:1809年2月12日逝世日期:1882年4月19日职业:生物学家,博物学家毕业院校:剑桥大学信仰:唯物主义

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