坎特伯雷故事集的来源，为什么叫坎特伯雷故事 为什么坎特伯雷故事集被认为是现实主义作品
\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u9a91\u58eb\u5148\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff1f\u8c22\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\uff1f\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e54\u53df\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u300a\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u300b\u4e4b\u5973\u5c3c\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6545\u4e8b(\u6897\u6982)
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\u3000\u3000\u6545\u4e8b\u8d4f\u6790
\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u52a8\u7269\u5bd3\u8a00\u3002\u5b83\u4ee5\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4f53\u88c1\u548c\u98ce\u8da3\u5e7d\u9ed8\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5438\u5f15\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u300a\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u300b\u7684\u827a\u672f\u7279\u8272\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u7bc7\u5bd3\u8a00\u6545\u4e8b\u51fa\u81ea\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f9b\u5949\u795e\u804c\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u4e4b\u53e3\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u53d9\u4eba\u65c1\u5f81\u535a\u5f15\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u957f\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u5404\u7c7b\u53e4\u7c4d\u3001\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u5178\u6545\u8fbe20\u4f59\u5904\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u71a8\u5e16\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u9664\u4e86\u6309\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6cd5\u5728\u7ed3\u5c3e\u70b9\u660e\u5bd3\u610f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u8bb2\u53d9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u89c1\u7f1d\u63d2\u9488\uff0c\u4e0d\u5931\u65f6\u673a\u5730\u52a0\u5165\u8b66\u53e5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8f6c\u8ff0\u516c\u9e21\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u8c0b\u8d22\u5bb3\u547d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\u60c5\u4e0d\u81ea\u7981\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u554a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u60a8\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u5723\u660e\u516c\u6b63\uff0f\u8c0b\u6740\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e0\u4eba\u77e5\u6653\uff0c\u60a8\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b83\u63ed\u9732\uff0f\u2026\u2026\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u85cf\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e74\u3001\u4e24\u5e74\u6216\u4e09\u5e74\uff0f\u8c0b\u6740\u7ec8\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u2026\u2026\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e03\u9053\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u6c14\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u94fa\u53d9\u6545\u4e8b\u65f6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6548\u679c\u3002\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u6b23\u8d4f\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5e03\u9053\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u6c14\u4e2d\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8bb2\u53d9\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6070\u6070\u662f\u300a\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u300b\u827a\u672f\u9b45\u529b\u957f\u5b58\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9664\u53bb\u8bb2\u8ff0\u8005\u4e2a\u6027\u5206\u660e\u5916\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u4e5f\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u9a7e\u9a6d\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u3002\u516c\u9e21\u8154\u5f97\u514b\u5229\u9a84\u50b2\u81ea\u5927\u3001\u76ee\u7a7a\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u4ee5\u4e00\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e3b\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u6602\u9996\u9614\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u751f\u6027\u80c6\u602f\u3001\u7591\u795e\u7591\u9b3c\u3002\u4ed6\u559c\u6b22\u522b\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u963f\u8c00\u5949\u627f\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u9a97\u4e0a\u5f53\u3002\u4ed6\u65f6\u800c\u9ad8\u8c08\u9614\u8bba\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u80fd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e00\u5207\uff1b\u65f6\u800c\u53c8\u5520\u5520\u53e8\u53e8\uff0c\u552f\u6050\u6076\u8fd0\u4e34\u5934\uff1b\u65f6\u800c\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u65f6\u800c\u611a\u949d\u3002\u6bcd\u9e21\u5e15\u7279\u7acb\u7279\u4e5f\u9887\u5177\u4e2a\u6027\u3002\u5979\u7684\u8a00\u8c08\u98ce\u5ea6\u4eff\u4f5b\u662f\u4f4d\u5907\u53d7\u5ba0\u7231\u7684\u592a\u592a\u3002\u8bdd\u8bed\u5c16\u523b\u950b\u5229\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u4efb\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u5f80\u60c5\u6df1\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bcc\u6709\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6d3b\u7075\u6d3b\u73b0\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u6027\u683c\u8fe5\u5f02\u5374\u53c8\u8da3\u5473\u76f8\u6295\u7684\u516c\u9e21\u6bcd\u9e21\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u300a\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6\u300b\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8\u8ba5\u8bbd\u7684\u7279\u8272\u5728\u6b64\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u6559\u58eb\u7528\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u642c\u5f04\u534e\u4e3d\u7684\u8bcd\u85fb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u672c\u6b63\u7ecf\u5730\u5f15\u7ecf\u636e\u5178\uff0c\u8bb2\u53d9\u7684\u5374\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u9e21\u3001\u6bcd\u9e21\u3001\u72d0\u72f8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u8857\u5934\u5df7\u5c3e\u7684\u7410\u95fb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c14\u52bf\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8131\u8282\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7d\u9ed8\u3001\u6ed1\u7a3d\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u516c\u9e21\u8dbe\u9ad8\u6c14\u626c\u7684\u795e\u6001\u5728\u72d0\u72f8\u9762\u524d\u4e00\u626b\u800c\u5149\uff1b\u72d0\u72f8\u72e1\u733e\u5730\u8bf1\u4f7f\u516c\u9e21\u4e0a\u5f53\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u5df1\u53c8\u4e0d\u514d\u540c\u6837\u88ab\u9a97\uff1b\u516c\u9e21\u3001\u6bcd\u9e21\u5728\u8a00\u8c08\u4e2d\u663e\u9732\u51fa\u4e00\u526f\u8d35\u516c\u5b50\u3001\u8d35\u592b\u4eba\u7684\u6c14\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u53c8\u96be\u514d\u73b0\u51fa\u5bb6\u79bd\u7684\u672c\u8272\u3002\u4e54\u53df\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u8868\u8c61\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95ee\u79bb\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u7b3c\u7f69\u5168\u7bc7\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8\u6ed1\u7a3d\u7684\u559c\u5267\u6c14\u6c1b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6545\u4e8b\u653e\u5728\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u66d9\u5149\u521d\u9732\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e0a\u89c2\u7167\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8fd8\u662f\u559c\u5267\u5f0f\u7684\u6548\u679c\u90fd\u88ab\u70b9\u67d3\u4e0a\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5149\u5f69\u3002\u201c\u5999\u76f8\u5e84\u4e25\u201d\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u81ea\u7136\u6539\u4e0d\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u800c\u6551\u4eba\u8131\u79bb\u82e6\u6d77\u7684\u5e03\u9053\u5374\u8715\u53d8\u4e3a\u63d2\u79d1\u6253\u8be8\u5f0f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u5bd3\u8a00\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u6559\u4e49\u4e4b\u7c7b\u5f53\u7136\u4ecd\u662f\u6559\u58eb\u5ff5\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5fd8\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9d\uff0c\u800c\u6545\u4e8b\u5374\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u987e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5e84\u4e25\u8083\u7a46\uff0c\u900f\u51fa\u4e00\u7247\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u76ce\u7136\u60c5\u8da3\uff0c\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5c18\u4fd7\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u683c\u8a00\uff1a\u8be5\u7741\u773c\u65f6\u83ab\u95ed\u773c\uff0c\u8be5\u7f04\u9ed8\u65f6\u52ff\u5f00\u53e3\u3002
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The original plan:
Chaucer originally planed to write 120 stories, 2 for each pilgrim to tell on the way to Canterbury and 2 more on the way back. But he actually completed only 22, though there are 2 more existed in fragments. The work was probably first conceived in 1386, when Chaucer was living in Greenwich, some miles east of London. From his house he might have been able to see the pilgrim road that led toward the shrine of the famous English saint, Thomas a Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in his cathedral in 1170. Medieval pilgrims were notorious tale tellers, and the sight and sound of the bands riding toward Canterbury may well have suggested to Chaucer the idea of using a fictitious pilgrimage as a "frame" for a number of stories. This practice was common in the later period of the Middle Ages. Boccaccio had told 100 tales in his Decameron, each of the ten characters told a story a day for ten days. Another Italian, Gioanni Sercambi, had placed a series of stories in the mouth of the leader of a group of persons journeying on horseback. But it seems that Chaucer was unaware of the Italian precedents; his artistic exploitation of the device is altogether his own.
The structure:
The Canterbury Tales is not merely a collection of stories strung together by some loose thread, as was the general practice for some European writers of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance to assemble a rather large group of tales into a single work of some magnitude, but Chaucer creates in the "General Prologue" a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life and then assigns to each of them some appropriate tale shedding light on the respective narrator's distinctive personality, and then in the separate "prologues" to some of the tales, and in the "links" that link up some of the tales, the author makes further efforts to show the interplay between the characters as well as their respective traits and idiosyncrasies. Thus the total effect of the poem as a whole is a comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet's day, especially since the pilgrims portrayed include men and women of all different professions, the high and the low, the lay and the clerical, the learned and the ignorant, the roguish and the upright, all excepting the very highest (i.e. the king and the top nobility) and lowest (i.e. the very poor laboring folk) in social rank at the time.
Characters included are:
(1) the monastic orders which include a rich monk, a friar, a prioress with her chaplain, a nun and three priests; (2) the secular clergy which include a parson, a pardoner and a summoner, to be joined by a canon and his yeoman devoted to alchemy; (3)the upper rung on the social ladder includes a knight, a squire, and a yeoman, a wealthy franklin, a doctor, a lawyer, and an Oxford scholar; (4) the trade which is represented by a merchant and a shipman; (5) the burgesses or freemen which include a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry-maker, a cook, and the Wife of Bath; (6) the rural dwellers which include a miller, a reeve, a manciple and a plowman.
The merits
The merits of the 24 tales are of unequal merits. Taken as a whole they represent practically the whole range of literary genres in medieval and early Renaissance Europe, embracing minstrelcy, chivalric romances, fabliaux, lays, legends, legendary epic sagas, animal epics, mythology, moral allegories and sermons. Though Chaucer did not always succeed in his experiments with all the different popular literary media of the day, he certainly had wide interest in numerous literary traditions and innovations not alone in England but also on the Continent of Europe.
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