从鸦片战争到抗日战争中国屈辱史的几个大事件 从鸦片战争开始，中国经历哪些大的屈辱（直到现在）
\u4ece\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u52302012\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u803b\u8fb1\u53f2\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f1858\u5e74[\u54b8\u4e30\u516b\u5e74] 5\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u6c99\u4fc4\u4e58\u82f1\u6cd5\u8054\u519b\u8fdb\u653b\u5929\u6d25\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u8feb\u4f7f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684 \u201c\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6\u201d\u3002\u6e05\u65b9\u7531\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u5c06\u519b \u201c\u5955\u5c71\u201d\u4e0e\u4fc4 \u56fd\u4e1c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u603b\u7763\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b\u5728\u7477\u73f2\u7b7e\u8ba2\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u6211\u56fd\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u4ee5\u5317\uff0c\u5916\u5174\u5b89\u5cad\u4ee5\u5357\u516d\u5341\u9980\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u7477\u73f2\u5bf9\u5cb8\u7cbe\u5947\u91cc\u6c5f\u4ee5\u5357\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u5757\u5730\u533a\uff08\u540e\u79f0\u6c5f\u4e1c\u516d\u5341\u56db\u5c6f\uff09\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff1b\u5e76\u628a\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f\u4ee5\u4e1c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u5212\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5171\u7ba1\u3002\u6614\uff0c\u7477\u73f2\u57ce\u65b9\u5706\u4e94\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u5185\u5916\u7528\u677e\u6728\u5236\u6210\u7684\u57ce\u5899\uff0c\u4e24\u6728\u4e4b\u95f4\u586b\u5165\u9ec4\u571f\u3002\u9ad8\u7ea6\u516d\u7c73\uff0c\u6709\u6df1\u62a4\u57ce\u6cb3\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u7ea6\u6709\u4eba\u53e3\u56db\u4e07\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5546\u4eba\u7ea6\u53c1\u5343\u591a\u4eba\u3002 \u76ee\u524d\u53ea\u9980\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u9897\u677e\u6811\uff0c\u79f0\u201d\u89c1\u8bc1\u677e\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u5f8c\u4eba\u51ed\u540a\u3002\u79ef\u5f31\u7684\u6e05\u738b\u671d\u5728\u5f3a\u6743\u7684\u5a01\u8feb\u4e0b\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u4efb\u4eba\u5bb0\u5272\u800c\u65e0\u529b\u53cd\u6297\u3002\u524d\u5f8c\u88ab\u8feb\u7b7e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u5343\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53ef\u803b\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u56db\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u6761\u7ea6\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u91cd\u3002 \u6761\u6761\u548c\u7ea6\u4e8b\u53ef\u9274\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u5916\u4ea4\u770b\u5f3a\u6743\u3002\u5f3a\u8005\u5200\u4fce\u5f31\u9c7c\u8089\uff0c\u5356\u56fd\u81ea\u5272\u5730\u592a\u53ef\u601c\u3002
\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u4e00\u89c8\u8868
\u5e8f\u53f7
\u548c\u7ea6
\u4e2d\u65b9\u7b7e\u7ea6\u4eba
\u5931\u5730\u8d54\u6b3e
\u7b7e\u65e5
1.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5e7f\u5dde\u548c\u7ea6
\u4f59\u4fdd\u7eaf
\u516d\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u4e07\u4e24
27-5-1841\uff1b
2.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u8006\u82f1,\u4f0a\u5e03\u91cc
\u4e8c\u5343\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u4e24
29-8-1842\uff1b
3.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u8865\u5145\u6761\u6b3e
\u8006\u82f1
\u2014\u2014
22-7-1843\uff1b
4.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6
\u8006\u82f1
\u2014\u2014
8-10-1843\uff1b
5.
\u4e2d\u7f8e\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6
\u8006\u82f1
\u2014\u2014
3-7-1844\uff1b
6.
\u4e2d\u6cd5\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6
\u8006\u82f1
\u2014\u2014
24-10-1844\uff1b
7.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7457\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u5c71
\u516d\u5341\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc
28-5-1858\uff1b
8.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
\u6842\u826f\uff0c\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3
\u2014\u2014
13-6-1858\uff1b
9.
\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
\u6842\u826f\uff0c\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3
\u2014\u2014
18-6-1858\uff1b
10.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
\u6842\u826f\uff0c\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3
\u2014\u2014
26-6-1858\uff1b
11.
\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
\u6842\u826f\uff0c\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3
\u2014\u2014
27-6-1858\uff1b
12.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u8865\u5145
\u6842\u826f
\u2014\u2014
8-11-1858\uff1b
13.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u6b23
\u4e00\u5343\u53c1\u767e\u4e07\u4e24
24-10-1860\uff1b
14.
\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u6b23
\u2014\u2014
25-10-1860\uff1b
15.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u6b23
\u56db\u5341\u591a\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc
4-11-1860\uff1b
16.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u52d8\u5206\u897f\u5317\u754c\u7ea6\u8bb0
\u660e\u8c0a
\u56db\u5341\u56db\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc
10-7-1864\uff1b
17.
\u4e2d\u7f8e\u589e\u7eed\u6761\u7ea6
\u524d\u7f8e\u516c\u4f7f\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3
\u2014\u2014
7-28-1868\uff1b
18.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u65b0\u4fee\u6761\u7ea6\u666e\u540e\u7ae0\u7a0b
\u4e0d\u8be6
\u2014\u2014
23-10-1869\uff1b
19.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u4fee\u597d\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
13-8-1871\uff1b
20.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u6b23
\u2014\u2014
31-10-1874\uff1b
21.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
13-9-1876\uff1b
22.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u91cc\u74e6\u51e0\u4e9a\u6761\u7ea6
\u5d07\u539a
\u2014\u2014
2-10-1879\uff1b
23.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4f0a\u9ece\u6761\u7ea6
\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd
\u4e03\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u4e8c\u767e\u516b\u5341\u4e07\u4e24
24-2-1881\uff1b
24.
\u4e2d\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\u7b80\u660e\u6761\u6b3e
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
11-5-1884\uff1b
25.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
18-4-1885\uff1b
26.
\u4e2d\u6cd5\u65b0\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
9-6-1885\uff1b
27.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6 \u7eed\u589e\u6761\u7ea6
\u4e0d\u8be6
\u2014\u2014
9-6-1885\uff1b
28.
\u4e2d\u8461\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
\u5955\u25a1
\u2014\u2014
1-12-1887\uff1b
29.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5370\u85cf\u6761\u7ea6
\u5347\u6cf0
\u2014\u2014
17-3-1890\uff1b
30.
\u4e2d\u7f8e\u534e\u5de5\u6761\u7ea6
\u6768\u5112
\u2014\u2014
7-3-1894\uff1b
31.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u4e8c\u4ebf\u4e24
7-4-1895\uff1b
32.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u8fbd\u5357\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u53c1\u5343\u4e07\u4e24
8-11-1895\uff1b
33.
\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5bc6\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
3-6-1896\uff1b
34.
\u4e2d\u5fb7\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u501f\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
6-3-1896\uff1b
35.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c55\u62d3\u9999\u6e2f\u754c\u5740\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u2014\u2014
9-6-1898\uff1b
36.
\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b \u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6
\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0
\u5341\u4ebf\u4e8c\u5343\u4e8c\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u4e07\u4e24
7-9-1901\uff1b
37.
\u4e2d\u82f1\u7eed\u5b9a\u5370\u85cf\u6761\u7ea6
\u7f57\u751f\u621b\u5c14\u66fe
\u2014\u2014
7-9-1904\uff1b
38.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u4f1a\u8bae[\u6ee1\u5dde\u5584\u5f8c\u6761\u7ea6]
22-12-1905\uff1b
39.
\u4e2d\u65e5 \u5341\u4e00\u6761\u6761\u7ea6
\u9646\u5f81\u7965
\u2014\u2014
9-5-1915\uff1b
40.
\u4e2d\u65e5\u519b\u4e8b\u534f\u5b9a
\u25a1\u4e91\u9e4f
\u2014\u2014
16-5-1918\uff1b
\u6ce8\uff1a
\u4e00. \u8f9b\u4e11\u8d54\u6b3e\u672c\u4e3a\u56db\u4ebf\u4e94\u5343\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8d54\u6b3e\u4e00\u4e24\uff0c\u5345\u4e5d\u5e74\u8fd8\u6e05\uff0c\u5e74\u7387\u56db\u5398\uff0c\u6bcd\u5b50\u5229\u606f\uff0c\u5171\u7ea6\u5341\u4ebf\u4e24\u5e93\u5e73\u94f6\u3002\u53e6\u52a0\u6c11\u95f4\u8d54\u6b3e\u4e8c\u5343\u591a\u4e07\u4e24\u3002\u4ee5\u5173\u7a0e\uff0c\u76d0\u7a0e\u4f5c\u4fdd\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u5173\u7a0e\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5de5\u4e1a\u500d\u53d7\u6467\u6b8b\u3002
\u4e8c. \u4ee5\u4e0a\u662f\u6211\u6240\u80fd\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u8f83\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u8d44\u6599\u3002
\u4e09. \u4e2d\u7f8e\u589e\u7eed\u6761\u7ea6\u662f\u7f8e\u524d\u516c\u4f7f\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u672a\u7ecf\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u610f\u800c\u79c1\u81ea\u7b7e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u3002
\u56db. \u66f4\u987b\u4f30\u8ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u4ee5\u73b0\u65f6\u8d27\u5e01\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u767e\u500d\u6216\u5343\u500d\u4e4b\u5de8\u3002
\u4e94. \u5217\u5f3a\u6240\u5f3a\u52a0\u65bc\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u707e\u96be\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u656c\u5e0c\u540c\u80de\u614e\u601d\u3002
\u516d. \u6839\u636e\u7477\u73f2\u5386\u53f2\u9648\u5217\u9986\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u9886\u571f\u56db\u5341\u9980\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u5916\u8499\u672a\u5206\u754c\u4e2d\u6709\u5eff\u9980\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u88ab\u5f3a\u593a\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u5916\u8499\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u5931\u9886\u571f\u7ea6\u53c1\u767e\u5345\u9980\u4e07\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002
\u4e03. \u6839\u636e\u8f9e\u6d77\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u52d8\u5206\u897f\u5317\u754c\u8bb0\u7ea6\u3002\u6545\u4e24\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u5931\u5730\u53ea\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5373\u56db\u5341\u56db\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc (\u4e0d\u77e5\u90a3\u4e00\u9879\u7b26\u5408\u53f2\u5b9e)\u3002
1.\u4e2d\u82f1\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u4e00\u3001\u5f3a\u5360\u9999\u6e2f\u3002
\u4e8c\u3001\u52d2\u7d22\u949c\u6b3e\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d54\u507f\u82f1\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u70df\u4ef7600\u4e07\u5143\u3001\u5546\u6b20300\u4e07\u5143\u3001\u519b\u8d391200\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u51712100\u4e07\u5143\uff08\u5e7f\u5dde\u300c\u8d4e\u57ce\u8d39\u300d600\u4e07\u5143\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\uff09\uff0c\u52064\u5e74\u4ed8\u6e05\u3002
\u4e09\u3001\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u3002\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u53a6\u95e8\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e3a\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u4e94\u53e3\u6709\u6743\u9a7b\u9886\u4e8b\u7b49\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u5546\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u53ea\u51c6\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u884c\u5546\u300d\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002
\u56db\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5173\u7a0e\u3002
\u4e94\u3001\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u3002\u300a\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53d1\u751f\u300c\u4ea4\u6d89\u8bcd\u8bbc\u300d\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff0c\u300c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u5b9a\u7ae0\u7a0b\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53d1\u7ed9\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5b98\uff08\u5373\u9886\u4e8b\u5b98\uff09\u7167\u529e\u300d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u65e0\u6743\u4f9d\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u5904\u3002
\u516d\u3001\u7247\u9762\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u7f14\u7ea6\u56fd\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u91cc\uff0c\u5374\u53ea\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f14\u7ea6\u5916\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u7247\u9762\u4eab\u53d7\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u300a\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u6765\u5982\u300c\u6709\u65b0\u6069\u65bd\u53ca\u5404\u56fd\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u51c6\u82f1\u4eba\u4e00\u4f53\u5747\u6cbe\u300d\u3002
2.\u4e2d\u7f8e\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6
\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u53a6\u95e8\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e94\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u6216\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6dee\u8bb8\u7f8e\u56fd\u5175\u8230\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u6e2f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d27\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u6536\u7a0e\u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5546\u8bae\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u534e\u72af\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e0d\u5f97\u8fc7\u95ee\u3002\u300d
\u5bb9\u8bb8\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4e94\u53e3\u300c\u81ea\u884c\u5efa\u697c\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u3001\u793c\u62dc\u5802\u53ca\u6ba1\u846c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u300d
3.\u4e2d\u82f1\u6cd5\u4fc4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6
1\uff0e\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac
2\uff0e\u5f00\u725b\u5e84\uff08\u5f8c\u6539\u8425\u53e3\uff09\u3001\u767b\u5dde\uff08\u5f8c\u6539\u70df\u53f0\uff09\u3001\u53f0\u5357\u3001\u6de1\u6c34\u3001\u6f6e\u5dde\uff08\u5f8c\u6539\u6c55\u5934\uff09\u3001\u743c\u5dde\u3001\u6c49\u53e3\u3001\u4e5d\u6c5f\u3001\u6c5f\u5b81\uff08\u5357\u4eac\uff09\u3001\u9547\u6c5f\u4e3a\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8
3\uff0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u96c7\u7528\u5916\u4eba
4\uff0e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u53ef\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u3001\u6e38\u5386\u901a\u5546
5\uff0e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5f80\u5185\u5730\u6e38\u5386\u901a\u5546\uff1b\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u8239\u53ef\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u5404\u53e3\u6765\u5f80
6\uff0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u8d54\u6b3e\u94f6400\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd200\u4e07\u4e24
4.\u4e2d\u82f1\u6cd5\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6
1\uff0e\u5f00\u5929\u6d25\u4e3a\u5546\u57e0
2\uff0e\u51c6\u8bb8\u534e\u5de5\u51fa\u56fd\uff1b\u5272\u8ba9\u4e5d\u9f99\u53f8\u5730\u65b9\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd
3\uff0e\u53d1\u8fd8\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8d44\u4ea7
4\uff0e\u5bf9\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u8d54\u6b3e\u589e\u52a0\u5230800\u4e07\u4e24
5.\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6
\u4e2d\u3001\u4fc4\u4e24\u56fd\u4ee5\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u53ca\u989d\u5c14\u53e4\u7eb3\u6cb3\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5317\u5c5e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u5357\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002
\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u4e0b\u6e38\u4ee5\u5357\u3001\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f\u4ee5\u4e1c\u76f4\u81f3\u9102\u970d\u6b21\u514b\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u7531\u539f\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6240\u6709\u6539\u4e3a\u4e2d\u3001\u4fc4\u4e24\u56fd\u5171\u7ba1\u3002
\u4fc4\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u5728\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u53ca\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u901a\u822a\u6743\u3002
6.\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4f0a\u7281\u6761\u7ea6
\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u300c\u507f\u8fd8\u300d\u4fc4\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u4f0a\u7281\u7684\u300c\u8d39\u7528\u300d\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\u5362\u5e03\u3002
\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u5c06\u4f0a\u7281\u4ee5\u5357\u7684\u7279\u514b\u65af\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u5e26\u300c\u5272\u300d\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u3002
\u4fee\u8ba2\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e09\u5e74\u3010\u5854\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u53f0\u754c\u7ea6\u3011\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u658b\u6851\u6e56\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e2d\u4fc4\u56fd\u754c\u53ca\u901a\u5546\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u65bc\u4fc4\u65b9\u3002
7.\u4e2d\u6cd5\u65b0\u7ea6(\u5730\u70b9\u5728\u5929\u6d25)
\u4e2d\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u4e4b\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u8d8a\u5357\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u300c\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u300d
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u8d8a\u8fb9\u754c\u9644\u8fd1\u62e9\u4e8c\u5730\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6cd5\u300c\u901a\u5e02\u300d\u7684\u5546\u57e0\u3002
\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u5404\u7701\u62e5\u6709\u5174\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002
8.\u4e2d\u65e5\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5272\u8ba9\u8fbd\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u3001\u6f8e\u6e56\u5217\u5c9b\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c\u3002
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u653e\u6c5f\u5357\u7684\u82cf\u5dde\u3001\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u957f\u6c5f\u4e2d\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u6c99\u5e02\uff0c \u5bf9\u65e5\u901a\u5546\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5e76\u4eab\u6709\u901a\u81f3\u6b64\u7b49\u53e3\u5cb8\u7684\u5185\u6cb3\u822a\u884c\u6743\u3002
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5141\u8bb8\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5404\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u6709\u8bbe\u5382\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u4eab\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u3002
\u4e2d\u56fd\u300c\u8d54\u8d4f\u300d\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u8d39\u4e8c\u4e07\u4e07\u4e24\u3002
9.\u4e2d\u4fc4\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6
\u79df\u501f\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u53ca\u5176\u94c1\u8def\u6743\u7ed9\u5fb7\u56fd
10.\u65c5\u5927\u79df\u5730\u6761\u7ea6
\u65c5\u987a\u300c\u79df\u501f\u300d\u7ed9\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u6e2f\uff0c\u5927\u8fde\u300c\u79df\u501f\u300d\u7ed9\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5546\u6e2f\uff0c\u5747\u4ee5\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u4e3a\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u300c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u957f\u300d\u3002
\u5728\u300c\u79df\u501f\u671f\u300d\u5185\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u4e0d\u5f97\u9a7b\u5728\u65c5\u5927\u5730\u533a\u3002
\u4fc4\u56fd\u518d\u53d6\u5f97\u7531\u65c5\u5927\u81f3\u54c8\u5c14\u6e83\u4e4b\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u7b51\u6743(\u5305\u62ec\u5f8c\u6765\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u5357\u6ee1\u94c1\u8def\u300d)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u72ec\u5360\u6743\u3002
11.\u5c55\u62d3\u9999\u6e2f\u754c\u5740\u4e13\u6761
\u79df\u501f\u300c\u65b0\u754c\u300d\u4e88\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5171\u4e5d\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u3002
12.\u8f9b\u4e11\u548c\u7ea6(\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e11\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u8ba2\u7ea6)
\u60e9\u529e\u7aef\u90e1\u738b\u6234\u6f2a\u7b49\u6392\u5916\u5927\u81e3\u3002
\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u7981\u6b62\u519b\u706b\u8f93\u534e\u3002
\u4e2d\u56fd\u541111\u56fd\u300c\u8d54\u6b3e\u300d\u56db\u4ebf\u4e94\u5343\u4e07\u4e24(\u5206\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u507f\u4ed8\uff0c\u8fde\u672c\u606f\u5171\u8fd1\u5341\u4ebf\u4e24)\u3002
\u4f5c\u4e3a\u507f\u4ed8\u8d54\u6b3e\u7684\u62b5\u62bc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u6240\u6536\u4e4b\u5173\u7a0e\u3001\u76d0\u7a0e\uff0c\u5747\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u3002
\u5404\u56fd\u81ea\u7ba1\u5317\u4eac\u4f7f\u9986\u533a\u3002
\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u81f3\u5317\u4eac\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u70ae\u53f0\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u62c6\u6bc1\u3002
\u6e05\u5ef7\u6539\u300c\u603b\u7406\u5404\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u8859\u95e8\u300d\u4e3a\u300c\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u300d\uff0c\u73ed\u5217\u516d\u90e8\u4e4b\u524d\u300213.\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u5584\u5f8c\u534f\u7ea6
\u65e5\u3001\u4fc4\u5206\u522b\u65bc\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u64a4\u519b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5f00\u4e1c\u5317\u4e09\u7701\u4e4b\u5341\u516d\u5904\u57ce\u9547\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5546\u57e0\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e(\u76db\u4eac\u7701\u4e4b\u51e4\u51f0\u57ce\u3001\u8fbd\u9633\u3001\u65b0\u6c11\u5c6f\u3001\u94c1\u5cad\u3001\u901a\u6c5f\u5b50\u3001\u6cd5\u5e93\u95e8\uff0c\u5409\u6797\u7701\u4e4b\u957f\u6625\u3001\u5409\u6797\u3001\u54c8\u5c14\u6e83\u3001\u5b81\u53e4\u5854\u3001\u73f2\u6625\u3001\u4e09\u59d3\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u7701\u4e4b\u9f50\u9f50\u54c8\u5c14\u3001\u6d77\u62c9\u5c14\u3001\u7477\u73f2\u3001\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\u3002
\u65e5\u672c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e1c\u5317\u5357\u90e8\u4e4b\u5b89\u5949\u94c1\u8def\u4e4b\u7ba1\u7406\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u3002
\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u5949\u5929(\u4eca\u6f58\u9633)\u3001\u8425\u53e3\u3001\u5b89\u4e1c(\u4eca\u4e39\u4e1c)\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5212\u5b9a\u65e5\u672c\u300c\u79df\u754c\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
14.\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6
\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0e\u82f1\u3010\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u3011\u3001\u7f8e\u3010\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u3011\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u3002
15.\u4e2d\u82f1\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6
\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5f97\u5230\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u300c\u6e38\u5386\u3001\u63a2\u8def\u300d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002
\u4ed6\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u9646\u7ecf\u897f\u85cf\u524d\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9700\u901a\u77e5\u9a7b\u85cf\u5927\u81e3\u534f\u52a9\u901a\u884c\u3002
16.\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6\u7eed\u589e\u4e13\u6761
\u9e26\u7247\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u6bcf\u7bb1\uff08\u767e\u65a4\uff09\u5411\u6d77\u5173\u4e00\u5e76\u7f34\u7eb3\u7a0e\u5398\u4e00\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e24\uff08\u6b63\u7a0e\u4e09\u5341\u4e24\u3001\u5398\u91d1\u516b\u5341\u4e24\uff09\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u534e\u5546\u6301\u51ed\u5355\u8fd0\u5f80\u5185\u5730\u9500\u552e\uff0c\u4e2d\u9014\u4e0d\u518d\u5f81\u6536\u4efb\u4f55\u6350\u7a0e\u3002
17.\u82f1\u85cf\u62c9\u8428\u6761\u7ea6
\u85cf\u4e00\u5207\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u5f80\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u82f1\u653f\u5e9c\u6279\u51c6\uff1b\u5728\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u5676\u5927\u514b\u5efa\u7acb\u5546\u57e0\uff1b\u589e\u5f00\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5904\u5546\u57e0\u6c5f\u5b5c\u3002\u6761\u7ea6\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u8d54\u4ed8\u82f1\u519b\u8fdb\u85cf\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u4e03\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u4e07\u5362\u6bd4\uff0c\u9650\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u5185\u7f34\u6e05
18.\u5854\u57ce\u754c\u7ea6
\u5272\u8ba9\u65b0\u7586\u897f\u5317,\u81ea\u6c99\u6e0d\u8fbe\u5df4\u54c8\u8d77,\u8471\u5cad\u6b62\u7ea6\u4e94\u5341\u516b\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc
19.\u7a7f\u9f3b\u8349\u7ea6
(1) \u5272\u8ba9\u9999\u6e2f
(2) \u8d54\u70df\u4ef7\u516d\u767e\u4e07\u5143
(3) \u6062\u590d\u5e7f\u5dde\u5546\u52a1
20.\u5e7f\u5dde\u548c\u7ea6
7\u65e5\u4e4b\u5185\u7f34\u5e7f\u5dde\u201d\u8d4e\u57ce\u8d39\u201d600\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u8d54\u507f\u82f1\u5546\u9986\u635f\u593130\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6e05\u519b\u9000\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u57ce\u591660\u82f1\u91cc\uff0c\u8d4e\u91d1\u4ea4\u6e05\u5f8c\uff0c\u82f1\u519b\u9000\u51fa\u864e\u95e8\u3002
\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6,\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6
\u8865\u5145\uff1a
\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1842\u5e748\u6708 \u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5272\u9999\u6e2f\u5c9b\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd2.\u8d54\u6b3e2100\u4e07\u94f6\u51433.\u5f00\u653e\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u53a6\u95e8\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e94\u5904\u4e3a\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb84.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u6536\u53d6\u82f1\u5546\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7a0e\u7a0e\u7387\u8981\u4e0e\u82f1\u65b9\u5546\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd1.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca6\u4e3a\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u7aef2.\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u7531\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5c01\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u77db\u76fe3.\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u77db\u76fe4.\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece\u6b64\u80a9\u8d1f\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u7565\u548c\u672c\u56fd\u5c01\u5efa\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u9769\u547d\u4efb\u52a15.\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u65e7\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6 1844\u5e74 \u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u4ece\u4e2d\u652b\u53d6\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u3001\u7247\u9762\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u548c\u5728\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u79df\u8d41\u571f\u5730\u623f\u5c4b\u62d8\u7559\u7b49\u7279\u6743\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6 1844\u5e74 \u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6743\u76ca\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6 1858\u5e74\u590f \u4fc4\u7f8e\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u8fdb\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac2.\u589e\u5f00\u6cbf\u6d77\u6cbf\u6c5f\u662f10\u5904\u5546\u53e3\u5cb83.\u5916\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u5546\u8239\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u5404\u53e3\u5cb8\u901a\u822a4.\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u6e38\u5386\u3001\u901a\u5546\u3001\u4f20\u65595.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8d54\u507f\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7ecf\u8d39\u5404200\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u8d54\u5e38\u82f1\u5546\u635f\u5931200\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1860\u5e74 \u4fc4\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u6709\u65482.\u589e\u5f00\u5929\u6d25\u4e3a\u5546\u57e03.\u5272\u4e5d\u9f99\u53f8\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u533a\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd4.\u5bf9\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u8d54\u6b3e\u5404\u589e\u81f3800\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u5217\u5f3a\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e2d\u5916\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u516c\u5f00\u52fe\u7ed3\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u9547\u538b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u4e2d\u56fd\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1860\u5e74 \u4fc4\u56fd\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3 \uff0c\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u548c\u897f\u5317150\u591a\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u7684\u9886\u571f\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6 1895\u5e744\u6708 \u65e5\u672c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5272\u8fbd\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u53ca\u5176\u9644\u5c5e\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3001\u6f8e\u6e56\u5217\u5c9b\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c2.\u8d54\u507f\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u8d392\u4ebf\u4e24\u767d\u94f63.\u5f00\u653e\u6c99\u5e02\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u82cf\u5dde\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u4e3a\u5546\u57e0\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u8f6e\u8239\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cbf\u5185\u6cb3\u9a76\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u53e3\u5cb84.\u65e5\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u534e\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u6295\u8d44\u8bbe\u5382\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u8fd0\u9500\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u514d\u6536\u5185\u5730\u7a0e\u5f71\u54cd1.\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u548c\u4e3b\u6743\u518d\u4e00\u6b65\u906d\u53d7\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u59312.\u6b64\u540e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e89\u76f8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5212\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72c2\u6f6e3.\u8feb\u4f7f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5411\u5217\u5f3a\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u501f\u6b3e4.\u65b0\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u6848\u7684\u5f00\u8f9f\u4f7f\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u52bf\u529b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u57305.\u5141\u8bb8\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u534e\u6295\u8d44\u529e\u5382\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u534e\u8d44\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c556.\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5927\u5927\u52a0\u6df1\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6 1901\u5e749\u6708 \u82f1\u7f8e\u4fc4\u65e5\u6cd5\u5fb7\u610f\u5965\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u5404\u56fd\u8d54\u507f\u767d\u94f64.5\u4ebf\u4e24\uff0c\u520639\u5e74\u8fd8\u6e05\uff0c\u672c\u606f\u5171\u8ba19.8\u4ebf\u4e242.\u8d54\u507f\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7a0e\u548c\u76d0\u7a0e\u505a\u62b5\u62bc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u56fd\u63a7\u52363.\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e1c\u4ea4\u6c11\u5df7\u8bbe\u7acb\u201c\u4f7f\u9986\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u5c4a\u5185\u4e0d\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u9a7b\u5175\u4fdd\u62a44.\u62c6\u6bc1\u5317\u4eac\u81f3\u5927\u6cbd\u7684\u70ae\u53f0\uff0c\u51c6\u8bb8\u5404\u56fd\u6d3e\u5175\u9a7b\u5b88\u5317\u4eac\u5230\u5c71\u6d77\u5173\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u6218\u7565\u8981\u57305.\u60e9\u529e\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u66fe\u4e0e\u5217\u5f3a\u201c\u4f5c\u5bf9\u201d\u7684\u5b98\u540f\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u7981\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6210\u7acb\u548c\u53c2\u52a0\u53cd\u5e1d\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec76.\u6539\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u4e3a\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c\u4f4d\u5c45\u516d\u90e8\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f7f\u9986\u754c\u6210\u4e3a\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u57ce\u7684\u5360\u9886\u5730\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u9547\u538b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5217\u5f3a\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u4ea4\u9014\u5f84\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u63a7\u5236---------------------------------------------------\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u4e2d\u4fc4\u8499\u534f\u7ea6\uff08\u6c11\u56fd4\u5e74\uff081915\u5e74\uff096\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5916\u8499\u53e4\uff0c\u6070\u514b\u56fe\uff09\u6c11\u56db\u6761\u7ea6\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u6761\uff09\uff08\u6c11\u56fd4\u5e74\uff081915\u5e74\uff095\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\u754c\u7ea6\uff081911\u5e74\uff08\u5ba3\u7edf3\u5e74\uff0912\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u7eed\u8ba2\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u7ea6\uff081906\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea32\u5e74\uff094\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u4e8b\u5b9c\u6b63\u7ea6\uff081905\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea31\u5e74\uff0912\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6\uff081901\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea27\u5e74\uff099\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u5e7f\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1899\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea25\u5e74\uff0911\u670816\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5e7f\u5dde\u6e7e\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u8ba2\u79df\u5a01\u6d77\u536b\u4e13\u6761\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff097\u67081\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u5c55\u62d3\u9999\u6e2f\u754c\u5740\u4e13\u6761\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff096\u67089\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u65c5\u5927\u79df\u5730\u6761\u7ea6\uff081898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff093\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u30021898\u5e745\u67087\u65e5\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u7eed\u8ba2\u65c5\u5927\u79df\u5730\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\u5fb7\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\uff081898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff093\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u901a\u5546\u884c\u8239\u6761\u7ea6\uff081896\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea22\u5e74\uff097\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5bc6\u7ea6\uff081896\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea22\u5e74\uff096\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff09\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6\uff081895\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea21\u5e74\uff094\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u9a6c\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u4f1a\u8bae\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u6b3e\uff081890\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea16\u5e74\uff093\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\uff1b\u8865\u5145\u4fee\u8ba2\uff1a1893\u5e7412\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5927\u5409\u5cad\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6\uff081876\u5e74(\u5149\u7eea2\u5e74)\u70df\u53f0\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u5317\u4eac\u4e13\u6761\uff081874\u5e74\uff08\u540c\u6cbb13\u5e74\uff0910\u670831\u65e5\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u52d8\u5206\u897f\u5317\u754c\u7ea6\u8bb0\uff081864\u5e74\uff08\u540c\u6cbb3\u5e74\uff0910\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u5854\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u53f0\uff09\u4e2d\u5fb7\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\uff081861\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3011\u5e74\uff099\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0911\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0910\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0910\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff095\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u7477\u73f2\uff09\u4e0a\u6d77\u82f1\u6cd5\u7f8e\u79df\u754c\u79df\u5730\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff081854\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e304\u5e74\uff097\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4f0a\u7281\u5854\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u53f0\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff081851\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e30\u5143\u5e74\uff098\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u4f0a\u7281\uff09\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6\uff081844\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514924\u5e74\uff0910\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u9ec4\u57d4\uff09\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\uff081844\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514924\u5e74\uff097\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u671b\u53a6\uff09\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6\uff081843\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514923\u5e74\uff0910\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u864e\u95e8\uff09\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081842\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514922\u5e74\uff098\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff091917\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u30021917\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743(\u4e8b\u540e\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5151\u73b0\uff0c\u4ea6\u65e0\u9000\u8fd8\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u9886\u571f)\u30021943\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5931\u53bb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u68c0\u4e3e \u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u4e00\u89c8\u8868\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1842\u5e748\u6708 \u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5272\u9999\u6e2f\u5c9b\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd2.\u8d54\u6b3e2100\u4e07\u94f6\u51433.\u5f00\u653e\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u53a6\u95e8\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e94\u5904\u4e3a\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb84.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u6536\u53d6\u82f1\u5546\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7a0e\u7a0e\u7387\u8981\u4e0e\u82f1\u65b9\u5546\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd1.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca6\u4e3a\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u7aef2.\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u7531\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5c01\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u77db\u76fe3.\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u77db\u76fe4.\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece\u6b64\u80a9\u8d1f\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u7565\u548c\u672c\u56fd\u5c01\u5efa\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u9769\u547d\u4efb\u52a15.\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u65e7\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6 1844\u5e74 \u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u4ece\u4e2d\u652b\u53d6\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u3001\u7247\u9762\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u5f85\u9047\u548c\u5728\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u79df\u8d41\u571f\u5730\u623f\u5c4b\u62d8\u7559\u7b49\u7279\u6743\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6 1844\u5e74 \u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6743\u76ca\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6 1858\u5e74\u590f \u4fc4\u7f8e\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u8fdb\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac2.\u589e\u5f00\u6cbf\u6d77\u6cbf\u6c5f\u662f10\u5904\u5546\u53e3\u5cb83.\u5916\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u5546\u8239\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u5404\u53e3\u5cb8\u901a\u822a4.\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u6e38\u5386\u3001\u901a\u5546\u3001\u4f20\u65595.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8d54\u507f\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7ecf\u8d39\u5404200\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u8d54\u5e38\u82f1\u5546\u635f\u5931200\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1860\u5e74 \u4fc4\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u6709\u65482.\u589e\u5f00\u5929\u6d25\u4e3a\u5546\u57e03.\u5272\u4e5d\u9f99\u53f8\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u533a\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd4.\u5bf9\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u8d54\u6b3e\u5404\u589e\u81f3800\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u5217\u5f3a\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e2d\u5916\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u516c\u5f00\u52fe\u7ed3\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u9547\u538b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u4e2d\u56fd\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86
\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6 1860\u5e74 \u4fc4\u56fd\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3 \uff0c\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u548c\u897f\u5317150\u591a\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u7684\u9886\u571f\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6 1895\u5e744\u6708 \u65e5\u672c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u5272\u8fbd\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u53ca\u5176\u9644\u5c5e\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3001\u6f8e\u6e56\u5217\u5c9b\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c2.\u8d54\u507f\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u8d392\u4ebf\u4e24\u767d\u94f63.\u5f00\u653e\u6c99\u5e02\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u82cf\u5dde\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u4e3a\u5546\u57e0\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u8f6e\u8239\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cbf\u5185\u6cb3\u9a76\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u53e3\u5cb84.\u65e5\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u534e\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u6295\u8d44\u8bbe\u5382\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u8fd0\u9500\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u514d\u6536\u5185\u5730\u7a0e\u5f71\u54cd1.\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u548c\u4e3b\u6743\u518d\u4e00\u6b65\u906d\u53d7\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u59312.\u6b64\u540e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e89\u76f8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5212\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72c2\u6f6e3.\u8feb\u4f7f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5411\u5217\u5f3a\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u501f\u6b3e4.\u65b0\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u6848\u7684\u5f00\u8f9f\u4f7f\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u52bf\u529b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u57305.\u5141\u8bb8\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u534e\u6295\u8d44\u529e\u5382\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u534e\u8d44\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c556.\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5927\u5927\u52a0\u6df1\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6 1901\u5e749\u6708 \u82f1\u7f8e\u4fc4\u65e5\u6cd5\u5fb7\u610f\u5965\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb91.\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u5404\u56fd\u8d54\u507f\u767d\u94f64.5\u4ebf\u4e24\uff0c\u520639\u5e74\u8fd8\u6e05\uff0c\u672c\u606f\u5171\u8ba19.8\u4ebf\u4e242.\u8d54\u507f\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7a0e\u548c\u76d0\u7a0e\u505a\u62b5\u62bc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u56fd\u63a7\u52363.\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e1c\u4ea4\u6c11\u5df7\u8bbe\u7acb\u201c\u4f7f\u9986\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u5c4a\u5185\u4e0d\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u9a7b\u5175\u4fdd\u62a44.\u62c6\u6bc1\u5317\u4eac\u81f3\u5927\u6cbd\u7684\u70ae\u53f0\uff0c\u51c6\u8bb8\u5404\u56fd\u6d3e\u5175\u9a7b\u5b88\u5317\u4eac\u5230\u5c71\u6d77\u5173\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u6218\u7565\u8981\u57305.\u60e9\u529e\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u66fe\u4e0e\u5217\u5f3a\u201c\u4f5c\u5bf9\u201d\u7684\u5b98\u540f\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u7981\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6210\u7acb\u548c\u53c2\u52a0\u53cd\u5e1d\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec76.\u6539\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u4e3a\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c\u4f4d\u5c45\u516d\u90e8\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f7f\u9986\u754c\u6210\u4e3a\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u57ce\u7684\u5360\u9886\u5730\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u9547\u538b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5217\u5f3a\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u4ea4\u9014\u5f84\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u4e2d\u4fc4\u8499\u534f\u7ea6\uff08\u6c11\u56fd4\u5e74\uff081915\u5e74\uff096\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5916\u8499\u53e4\uff0c\u6070\u514b\u56fe\uff09\u6c11\u56db\u6761\u7ea6\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u6761\uff09\uff08\u6c11\u56fd4\u5e74\uff081915\u5e74\uff095\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\u754c\u7ea6\uff081911\u5e74\uff08\u5ba3\u7edf3\u5e74\uff0912\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u7eed\u8ba2\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u7ea6\uff081906\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea32\u5e74\uff094\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u4e8b\u5b9c\u6b63\u7ea6\uff081905\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea31\u5e74\uff0912\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6\uff081901\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea27\u5e74\uff099\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u5e7f\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1899\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea25\u5e74\uff0911\u670816\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5e7f\u5dde\u6e7e\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u8ba2\u79df\u5a01\u6d77\u536b\u4e13\u6761\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff097\u67081\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u5c55\u62d3\u9999\u6e2f\u754c\u5740\u4e13\u6761\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff096\u67089\u65e5\uff1b\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u65c5\u5927\u79df\u5730\u6761\u7ea6\uff081898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff093\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u5730\u70b9\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u30021898\u5e745\u67087\u65e5\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u7eed\u8ba2\u65c5\u5927\u79df\u5730\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\u5fb7\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\uff081898\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea24\u5e74\uff093\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u901a\u5546\u884c\u8239\u6761\u7ea6\uff081896\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea22\u5e74\uff097\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5bc6\u7ea6\uff081896\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea22\u5e74\uff096\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff09\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6\uff081895\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea21\u5e74\uff094\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u9a6c\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u4f1a\u8bae\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u6b3e\uff081890\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea16\u5e74\uff093\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\uff1b\u8865\u5145\u4fee\u8ba2\uff1a1893\u5e7412\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5927\u5409\u5cad\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6\uff081876\u5e74(\u5149\u7eea2\u5e74)\u70df\u53f0\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u4e2d\u65e5\u5317\u4eac\u4e13\u6761\uff081874\u5e74\uff08\u540c\u6cbb13\u5e74\uff0910\u670831\u65e5\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u52d8\u5206\u897f\u5317\u754c\u7ea6\u8bb0\uff081864\u5e74\uff08\u540c\u6cbb3\u5e74\uff0910\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u5854\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u53f0\uff09\u4e2d\u5fb7\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\uff081861\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3011\u5e74\uff099\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0911\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0910\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081860\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e3010\u5e74\uff0910\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff096\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6\uff081858\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e308\u5e74\uff095\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u7477\u73f2\uff09\u4e0a\u6d77\u82f1\u6cd5\u7f8e\u79df\u754c\u79df\u5730\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff081854\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e304\u5e74\uff097\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff09\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4f0a\u7281\u5854\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u53f0\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff081851\u5e74\uff08\u54b8\u4e30\u5143\u5e74\uff098\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u4f0a\u7281\uff09\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6\uff081844\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514924\u5e74\uff0910\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u9ec4\u57d4\uff09\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\uff081844\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514924\u5e74\uff097\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u671b\u53a6\uff09\u864e\u95e8\u6761\u7ea6\uff081843\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514923\u5e74\uff0910\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u864e\u95e8\uff09\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\uff081842\u5e74\uff08\u9053\u514922\u5e74\uff098\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff091917\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u30021917\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743(\u4e8b\u540e\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5151\u73b0\uff0c\u4ea6\u65e0\u9000\u8fd8\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u9886\u571f)\u30021943\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5931\u53bb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6743\u30021949\u5e74\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4ee5\u524d\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u3002
\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u56e0\u6b21\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u30021900\u5e74\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u70e7\u6740\u62a2\u63a0\uff0c\u5c065\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u5858\u6cbd\u9547\u53d8\u6210\u7a7a\u65e0\u4e00\u4eba\u7684\u5e9f\u589f\uff0c\u4f7f\u62e5\u6709100\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u6d25\u5728\u70e7\u6740\u4e4b\u540e\u4ec5\u5b5810\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5317\u4eac\u540e\uff0c\u6740\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\uff0c\u4ec5\u5e84\u738b\u5e9c\u4e00\u5904\u5c31\u6740\u6b7b1700\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u57281937\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c2100\u4f59\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6253\u6b7b\u6253\u4f24\uff0c1000\u4f59\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6b8b\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u57281937\u5e7412\u670813\u65e5\u540e\u76846\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u519b\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u5c31\u6740\u5bb3\u4e8630\u4e07\u4eba\u3002 \u2014\u2014\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5927\u8086\u8d29\u5356\u548c\u8650\u6740\u534e\u5de5\uff0c\u4f7f\u65e7\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u6570\u751f\u7075\u60e8\u906d\u6d82\u70ad\u3002\u636e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u88ab\u8d29\u5356\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u534e\u5de5\u591a\u8fbe1200\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u7ed1\u67b6\u3001\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a97\u53bb\u7684\u534e\u5de5\u56da\u7981\u5728\u201c\u732a\u4ed4\u9986\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u70d9\u4e0a\u8d29\u5356\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u5b57\u53f7\u30021852\u20141858\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ec5\u6c55\u5934\u4e00\u5730\u201c\u732a\u4ed4\u9986\u201d\u4e2d\u76844\u4e07\u534e\u5de5\uff0c\u5c31\u67098000\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u6298\u78e8\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u77ff\u5c71\u4e2d\uff0c\u8086\u610f\u8650\u6740\u534e\u5de5\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u534e\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5c31\u6709\u4e0d\u4e0b200\u4e07\u52b3\u5de5\u88ab\u6298\u78e8\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u534e\u5de5\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u6254\u8fdb\u5c71\u6c9f\u6216\u4e71\u77f3\u5751\u3002\u73b0\u5df2\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e07\u4eba\u5751\u201d\u5c31\u670980\u591a\u5904\uff0c\u57cb\u6709\u52b3\u5de5\u5c38\u9aa870\u591a\u4e07\u5177\u3002 \u2014\u2014\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u884c\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5907\u53d7\u51cc\u8fb1\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u53ef\u8a00\u3002
1.鸦片战争，中国战败，被迫于英国签订第一个不平等条约《南京条约》中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。2.1856——1860年的第二次鸦片战争，英法联军攻占北京，火烧圆明园，掠夺中国珍宝无数。俄国趁火打劫，割占中国东北和西北的大片领土。3.1894——1895年甲午中日战争，中国被迫签订《马关条约》，赔款2亿两白银，割辽东半岛，台湾及澎湖列岛等，1900——1901年八国联军侵华战争，中国签订《辛丑条约》彻底沦为半殖民地半封建社会，经济军事外交大权皆为外国列强所掌握。绛旓細鈥滀節涓鍏簨鍙樷濇槸鏃ユ湰甯濆浗涓讳箟闀挎湡浠ユ潵鎺ㄨ瀵瑰崕渚电暐鎵╁紶鏀跨瓥鐨勫繀鐒剁殑缁撴灉锛屼篃鏄紒鍥炬妸涓浗鍙樹负鍏剁嫭鍗犵殑娈栨皯鍦拌岄噰鍙栫殑閲嶈姝ラ銆傚畠鍚屾椂鏍囧織鐫涓栫晫鍙嶆硶瑗挎柉鎴樹簤鐨勫紑濮嬶紝鎻紑浜嗙浜屾涓栫晫澶ф垬涓滄柟鎴樺満鐨勫簭骞曘5銆佸崡浜ぇ灞犳潃 鍗椾含澶у睜鏉鎸1931鑷1945骞涓浗鎶楁棩鎴樹簤鏈熼棿锛屼腑鍗庢皯鍥藉湪鍗椾含淇濆崼鎴樹腑澶卞埄銆侀閮藉崡浜簬...
绛旓細涓銆佺涓娆楦︾墖鎴樹簤 1840骞达紝鑻卞浗鏀垮簻浠鏋楀垯寰铏庨棬閿鐑熺瓑涓哄熷彛锛屽喅瀹氭淳鍑鸿繙寰佸啗渚靛崕銆6鏈堬紝鑻卞啗鑸拌埞47鑹樸侀檰鍐4000浜哄湪娴峰啗灏戝皢鎳垮緥銆侀┗鍗庡晢鍔＄洃鐫ｄ箟寰嬬巼棰嗕笅锛屽皝閿佹捣鍙ｏ紝楦︾墖鎴樹簤寮濮嬨傞甫鐗囨垬浜変互涓浗鐨勫け璐ュ拰寮ュ伩鑰屽憡缁堛備腑鑻卞弻鏂圭缃蹭簡鈥滃崡浜潯绾︹濓紝杩欐槸涓浗鍘嗗彶涓婄涓閮ㄤ笉骞崇瓑鏉＄害銆備腑鍥藉紑濮嬫帬澶哄湡鍦...
绛旓細1銆佺涓娆楦︾墖鎴樹簤 1840骞达紝鑻卞浗鏀垮簻鍒╃敤鏋楀垯寰鍜岃檸闂ㄧ殑鍊熷彛鍑哄敭鍗风儫锛屽苟鍐冲畾娲鹃仯杩滃緛鍐涘叆渚典腑鍥姐 6鏈堬紝鍦ㄤ腑鍥娴峰啗灏戝皢鍜屽晢涓氱洃鐫ｇ殑棰嗗涓嬶紝47鑹樿嫳鍥借埞鍙拰4,000鍚嶉檰鍐涘啗瀹樺皝閿佷簡娴峰彛锛屽紑濮嬩簡楦︾墖鎴樹簤銆傞甫鐗囨垬浜変互涓浗鐨勫け璐ュ拰寮ュ伩鑰屽憡缁堛備腑鑻卞弻鏂圭缃蹭簡鈥滃崡浜潯绾︹濓紝杩欐槸涓浗鍘嗗彶涓婄涓涓笉骞崇瓑鏉＄害銆
绛旓細1.楦︾墖鎴樹簤锛涓浗鎴樿触锛岃杩簬鑻卞浗绛捐绗竴涓笉骞崇瓑鏉＄害銆婂崡浜潯绾︺嬩腑鍥藉紑濮嬫拨涓哄崐娈栨皯鍦板崐灏佸缓绀句細銆2.1856鈥斺1860骞寸殑绗簩娆￠甫鐗囨垬浜夛紝鑻辨硶鑱斿啗鏀诲崰鍖椾含锛岀伀鐑у渾鏄庡洯锛屾帬澶轰腑鍥界弽瀹濇棤鏁般備縿鍥借秮鐏墦鍔紝鍓插崰涓浗涓滃寳鍜岃タ鍖楃殑澶х墖棰嗗湡銆3.1894鈥斺1895骞寸敳鍗涓棩鎴樹簤锛屼腑鍥借杩璁婇┈鍏虫潯绾︺嬶紝璧旀...
绛旓細3銆1858骞5鏈堬紝淇勫浗閫艰揩娓呮斂搴滅璁婄懛鐝叉潯绾︺嬶紝鍚屽勾6鏈堬紝鍙堥艰揩娓呮斂搴滅璁婁腑淇勫ぉ娲ユ潯绾︺嬨4銆1883骞-1885骞翠腑娉曟垬浜夛細绛捐銆婁腑娉曟柊绾︺嬶紝涓浗铏藉湪鎴樹簨涓婂彇鑳滐紝浣嗙敱浜庣粺娌昏呯殑杞急鏃犺兘锛屾硶鍥戒笉鑳滆岃儨锛屼腑鍥戒笉璐ヨ岃触銆5銆1984骞-1895骞寸敳鍗涓棩鎴樹簤锛氱璁婇┈鍏虫潯绾︺嬶紝璧旀鐧介摱涓や嚎涓わ紝澧炲紑4澶...
绛旓細鐧惧勾灞堣颈鍙鏄粠1840鈥斺1949骞存柊涓浗鎴愮珛浠ュ墠杩戜唬浠ユ潵鐨勫巻鍙层1840骞楦︾墖鎴樹簤浣夸腑鍥藉紑濮嬫拨涓哄崐娈栨皯鍦板崐灏佸缓绀句細銆1856骞达紝鑻辨硶鑱斿啗涓嶄粎鐏儳鍦嗘槑鍥繕鍙戝姩浜嗙浜屾楦︾墖鎴樹簤锛屼娇涓浗鍗婃畺姘戝湴鍗婂皝寤虹ぞ浼氱殑绋嬪害鍔犳繁銆1894骞存棩鏈張瀵逛腑鍥藉彂鍔ㄧ敳鍗涓棩鎴樹簤锛屼腑鍥芥垬璐ワ紝鍙堢璁婇┈鍏虫潯绾︺嬶紝鍗婃畺姘戝湴鍗婂皝寤虹ぞ浼氱▼搴...
绛旓細姝ゆ椂锛屾棩鏈澶勪簬鏄庢不缁存柊鏃舵湡锛涗粬浠埗瀹氫簡鍏ヤ镜涓浗鐨勨滃ぇ闄嗘斂绛栤濓紝骞堕氳繃涓嶆柇鎵╁啗澶囨垬涓姝ユ瀹炴柦浠栦滑鐨勮鍒掋傚湪涓鍒囧氨缁箣鍚庯紝1894骞达紝鏃ユ湰鍙戝姩浜嗘棩鏈О涓烘棩娓呮垬浜夌殑鐢插崍涓棩鎴樹簤銆傜敱浜庢竻鏀垮簻鐨勮厫鏈斤紝鎴樹簤杩呴熷け璐ャ1895骞存潕楦跨珷鍜屼紛钘ゅ崥鏂囧湪鏃ユ湰椹叧鏄ュ竼妤肩璁簡銆婇┈鍏虫潯绾︺嬨備笁銆佺涓夐樁娈碉紙1919骞粹1949...
绛旓細1銆佺涓娆楦︾墖鎴樹簤 鏋楀垯寰铏庨棬閿鐑熶箣鍚庯紝鑻卞浗寮濮嬪涓浗鍙戝姩渚电暐鎴樹簤銆傝嫳鍥芥墦璐ヤ腑鍥斤紝鍓茶棣欐腐銆2銆佷腑娉鎴樹簤 涓浗鍦杩欐鍙嶄镜鐣ユ垬浜変腑锛屾湰鏈夋満浼氳兘鍙栧緱鏈鍚庤儨鍒╋紝浣嗙敱浜庢竻缁熸不鑰呯殑鎳﹀急銆佸Ε鍗忥紝鑳滃埄鐨勬垚鏋滄墠琚懍閫侊紝浣垮緱涓浗涓嶈触鑰岃触锛屾硶鍥戒笉鑳滆岃儨銆3銆佺浜屾楦︾墖鎴樹簤 鑻辨硶鎵撹触涓浗锛屽紑鏀惧ぉ娲ワ紝鍓茶涔濋緳锛...
绛旓細鍏堣繘鐨涓浗浜轰负浜嗗姹傛晳鍥芥晳姘戠殑鐪熺悊锛岃繘琛屼簡鑹拌嫤鐨勬姉浜夊苟涓嶆柇鍚戣タ鏂瑰涔犮傚洜鑰屼腑鍥借繎浠ｅ彶鍙堟槸涓閮ㄦ姉浜夊彶銆灞堣颈鍙锛氱涓娆楦︾墖鎴樹簤銆佺浜屾楦︾墖鎴樹簤銆佸叓鍥借仈鍐涗镜鍗庢垬浜夈佺敳鍗涓棩鎴樹簤绛夈傛姉浜夊彶锛氭磱鍔¤繍鍔ㄣ佹垔鎴屽彉娉曘佷箟鍜屽洟杩愬姩銆佸ぉ骞冲ぉ鍥借繍鍔ㄣ佽緵浜ラ潻鍛姐鎶楁棩鎴樹簤銆佷簲鍥涜繍鍔ㄣ佽В鏀炬垬浜夌瓑銆
绛旓細1856骞寸浜屾楦︾墖鎴樹簤涓浗鎴樿触, 璧斿伩鍐涜垂鐧介摱缁欒嫳娉曞悇800涓囦袱, 寮鏀捐惀鍙ｃ佸ぉ娲ャ佸ぇ杩炪佸崡浜侀晣姹熴佹贰姘淬佸彴婀俱佹睍澶淬佺惣宸炵瓑 11澶勪负閫氬晢鍙ｅ哺,鎷嗘瘉澶ф步鑷冲寳浜殑鐐彴銆傚湪姝ゆ湡闂磋嫳娉曡仈鍐涙敾鍗 鍖椾含,鎺犲ず骞剁剼姣佷簡涓句笘闂诲悕鐨勭殗瀹跺洯鏋楀渾鏄庡洯銆 1867骞存棩鏈寫璧锋垬浜変镜鐣ュ彴婀,琚彴婀惧啗姘戝嚮閫,灏辨槸杩欐牱,鑵愯触 鏃犺兘鐨勬竻鏀垮簻杩...
