清史稿，黄宗羲传和李赓芸传的全文翻译 清史稿,张英传翻译
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\u539f\u6587\uff1a
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\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a
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1\uff0e\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5217\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u52a0\u7c97\u7684\u8bcd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u662f\uff08 \uff09
A\uff0e\u8d48\u6c11\u4ee5\u7ca5\uff0c\u5168\u6d3b\u8005\u4f17\u2014\u2014\u5168\uff1a\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u90fd
B\uff0e\u6216\u4e00\u4e8c\u5e74\u72f1\u4e0d\u7adf\u2014\u2014\u7adf\uff1a\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e
C\uff0e\u540e\u66f4\u6709\u6597\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u64d2\u5176\u6e20\u2014\u2014\u6e20\uff1a\u9996\u9886
D\uff0e\u798f\u5dde\u77e5\u5e9c\u6d82\u4ee5\u8f80\u97ab\u4e4b\uff0c\u963f\u603b\u7763\u610f\u2014\u2014\u963f\uff1a\u660e\u767d
2\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u7ec4\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u674e\u8d53\u82b8\u4e3a\u201c\u826f\u540f\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u662f\uff08 \uff09
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A\uff0e\u2460\u2462\u2463
B\uff0e\u2461\u2464\u2465
C\uff0e\u2460\u2461\u2465
D\uff0e\u2462\u2463\u2464
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A\uff0e\u7ecf\u4eba\u4e3e\u8350\uff0c\u674e\u8d53\u82b8\u88ab\u7687\u5e1d\u4ee5\u540c\u77e5\u63d0\u62d4\u4efb\u7528\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u63d0\u62d4\u4e3a\u5609\u5174\u77e5\u5e9c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e25\u4e8e\u5f8b\u5df1\uff0c\u7387\u5148\u5782\u8303\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6562\u53bb\u8d3f\u8d42\u4ed6\u3002
B\uff0e\u674e\u8d53\u82b8\u8c03\u4efb\u6f33\u5dde\u77e5\u5e9c\u524d\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u6301\u68b0\u6253\u6597\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u5b98\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u5230\u5b98\u5e9c\u53bb\u544a\u72b6\u3002\u8d53\u82b8\u5230\u4efb\u540e\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u8fc5\u901f\u597d\u8f6c\u3002
C\uff0e\u674e\u8d53\u82b8\u505a\u6f33\u5dde\u77e5\u5e9c\u65f6\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u4fe1\u4efb\u6731\u5c65\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53cd\u88ab\u5176\u6c61\u8511\u9677\u5bb3\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u88ab\u903c\u65e0\u5948\u5c31\u4e0a\u540a\u81ea\u6740\u4e86\u3002
D\uff0e\u674e\u8d53\u82b8\u5bb6\u91cc\u6781\u5176\u8d2b\u7a77\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6b7b\u4e86\u4ee5\u540e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u5b89\u846c\u3002\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6ee1\u6000\u611f\u6fc0\u4e4b\u60c5\uff0c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u9057\u7231\u7960\uff0c\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u6000\u5ff5\u3002
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\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a____________________________________________
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\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a____________________________________________
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戊寅，南都作防乱揭贴攻击阮大铖，东林子弟中推举顾宪成之孙顾杲为首，天气被难诸家中推举黄宗羲居首，大铖恨之入骨，突然行动，按照揭贴中一百四十人姓氏，准备全部诛杀。当时宗羲刚刚上疏朝廷，而祸事大作，于是和顾杲一起被捕。母亲姚氏叹息道：“难道王章妻子和范滂母亲的命运要都集于我一身了吗？”驾帖未行，南都被攻破，宗羲仓皇归来。会孙嘉绩、熊汝霖奉鲁王监国，画江而守。宗羲纠集邻里子弟数百人跟从他们，号世忠营。授于职方郎职务，不久改为御史职务。制定了监国鲁元年大统历颁行浙东。马士英跑到方国安营中，众言其当诛，熊汝霖害怕他挟持国安为患，好言相劝他，宗羲说：“诸臣之力不能杀了马士英！春秋的孔子的力量，不可能加于陈恒之身，但不能说他不该杀。”汝霖向他道歉。又给王之仁写信，“诸公不沉舟决战，用意在自守，小小三府之地，要供养十万之众，必不能久支，有怎么守得住？”人们都认为他说的对，但却不能采纳他的意见。
这时候，孙嘉绩以一营的士兵交给了宗羲，宗羲与王正中合兵，得到三千余人。王正中，是王之仁的从子，以忠义自勉。宗羲与他交往很深，使得王之仁不能干扰军事。于是渡海屯兵潭山，由海道进入太湖，招募吴中地区的豪杰，直达乍浦，约崇德义士孙奭等为内应。此时清军戒严不能前进，而江上部队溃败，宗羲进入四明山扎寨自保，剩余约五百兵士，驻兵在杖锡寺。他变换装束去访问监国，告诫部下与山民好好相处。部下没有全都遵守他的命令，山民担心引来祸端，暗地烧了他们的兵寨，部将茅翰、汪涵都死难。宗羲没有地方可去，抓捕他的官文屡屡下达，于是携带子弟进入剡中，听说鲁王在海上，就投奔他，被授予左副都御史岗位。每天与吴锺峦坐在船中，穿戴整齐讲学论道，有时间就注解授时、泰西、回回三种历书。
宗羲逃亡的时候，他的母亲仍然居住在老家。清廷以前朝遗臣不顺天命，记录了他全家人口，人们都知道这件事。宗羲听说后，马上向监国陈情，得到允许后，就变更姓名暗中回到家里。这一年，监国由健跳至滃洲，又召宗羲前来，他作为冯京第副手到日本乞求救兵，达到长崎后，得不到允许，于是做一篇文赋名式微，来感奋将士。从此后，东西迁徙，没有定所。弟弟宗炎因为与冯京第来往，快要被处刑，宗羲使用计谋使其得救。甲午，张名振暗中派使者前来，被抓了，又要抓捕宗羲。丙申，慈水寨主沈尔绪祸事起，也是宗羲为首，宗羲能够不死，都是上天庇佑，而宗羲并没有被震慑住。后来，海上军队全溃败了，宗羲再没有希望，就侍奉母亲回到牢记，全力著述，各地来向他请教学业的人渐渐多了起来。
戊午，清廷下诏征召其为博学鸿儒。掌院学士叶方蔼以诗歌相劝，敦促他启程，两次推辞便没有成行。不久，方蔼奉诏同掌院学士徐元文监修明史，准备征召他为顾问，督抚恭敬的来聘请他，又推辞掉了。清廷议论如果一定不来，请下诏给浙江巡抚，让其抄录他所著的书中有关历史的部分，送到京城，他的儿子黄白家参与了史馆事情。徐乾学值班侍奉清帝，清帝问到遗留文献之事，又以宗羲相对，且说：“曾经臣弟元文上疏推荐，可惜老了不能前来。”清帝说：“可召至京，我不授予他政务。如果想回去，就遣官送他回去。”乾学说宗羲年老坚决不来，清帝叹息无言，认为人材难得。宗羲虽不应召，而史局有大的事情一定会去咨询他。历志出吴任臣之手，总裁千里传书，乞求他审核后才定下来。曾经说宋史单立道学传，是元儒见识粗陋。明史不当沿袭这种体例。朱彝尊也正有这个提议，得到宗羲的书信给众人看后，于是就去掉了道学传。宗羲八十六岁过世。
宗羲的学问，出于蕺山，听说了诚意慎独学说，缜密平实。曾经说，明人讲学，沿袭语录的糟粕，而不以六经为根本，把书扎起来从事与游谈。因此问学之人必须先追究经典，治理学术是用来治理世事的，。不做迂儒，一定要读史，读史不多，不能够证明道理的变化；读得多，但没有心得，就是浅薄学位。因此上下古今，【穿穴群言】，自天官、地志、九流百家之教，没有不精深研读的。所著作的《易学象数论》六卷，《授书随笔》一卷，《律吕新义》二卷，《孟子师说》二卷。文集则有《南雷文案》、《诗案》。今共存《南雷文定》十一卷，《南雷文约》四卷。又著《明儒学案》六十二卷，叙述明代讲学诸儒流派分合得失颇为详细，《明文海》四百八十二卷，阅读了明人文集二千馀家，自己说是与十朝国史【相首尾】。又有《深衣考》一卷，《今水经》一卷，《四明山志》九卷，《历代甲子考》一卷，《二程学案》二卷，《辑明史案》二百四十四卷，又《明夷待访录》一卷，讲的都是治理世事的道理。顾炎武看到后而赞叹道：“三代之治可以恢复了！”天文则有《大统法辨》四卷，《时宪书法解新推交食法》一卷，《圜解》一卷，《割圜八线解》一卷，《授时法假如》一卷，《西洋法假如》一卷，《回回法假如》一卷。其后梅文鼎根据周髀谈论天文，世人惊为不传之秘，却不知道宗羲是开山之人。晚年又辑《宋元学案》，与《明儒学案》，记录了七百年儒苑门户。宣统元年，从祀文庙。
Huang Zongxi, words Taichong, Yu Yao people, Ming Shi Huang Zunsu eldest son. Zun Su Yang Lian, comrade Zuo Guangdou generation, because the impeachment of Wei Zhongxian died in prison, things are recorded in detail in Ming dynasty. Chongzhen reign, Huang Zongxi went to the capital litigation grievances. To time, Wei Zhongxian has been executed, i.e. hydrophobic please kill Cao Qincheng, Li shi. Where the court questioned Xu Xianchun, Cui Yingyuan, Zong Xi and they went to church, come up with an awl cone on their sleeves was pure, pure blood was significantly; and beating should yuan, pulling his beard came back to before the statue was God card; and after he leaves the prison, Yan Wenzhong respect, cover factor desperate for two stroke hand. At that time Cao Qincheng has been included in the reverse case, but Li Shi defended the original sparse Shu is not his writing, secretly sent three thousand gold begged Zong Xi not confrontation, Zong Xi immediately report, said: "Li Shi can now bribes openly, how can he argues that". And he went with him again when the awl cone. The lawsuit, bring the whole family children offerings in the large prison door, crying arrived at the palace, Chongzhen after hearing, sighed: "loyal soliton, to my great sympathy". After coming back, more committed to learn. The imperial examinations confine people's ideas are very angry, thinking about how to change this situation. Find out the home library reading, not enough, just copied the Tongli World Building button's, Dan Tong Sheng Qi family in books, [South] is 1000 ares church Huang, Jiang Yun Lou Qian, and construction continued to rest Yao Nanlei Chao Tang, to inherit ancestral Huang Zhen (word East) work. Shanyin Liu Zongzhou lectured on the Jishan, because father chose to follow him. While the Haimen Zhou inheritance more theory reference to explain Buddhist, Confucian classics, Yao River area of Confucian heritage almost destroyed. Zong Xi alone with the students more than 60 rejection Zhou's theory, the original Houttuynia cordata Hill disciples such as Qi, et al. Chapter reputation character of heavy people, but against the Confucian to be humiliated credit but not Zong Xi. His brother in inflammation, Zong Hui, have different general ability, he taught them, people call them "East Zhejiang sanhuang".Wu Yin, Nandu to prevent random post attack Ruan Dacheng, Donglin who elected Gu Xiancheng Sun Gugao headed by elected Huang Zongxi, weather from the top, Dacheng guts, sudden action, in accordance with the one hundred and forty adhesive in name, prepare all kill. Zong Xi was just open court, and could work, then arrested with Gu gao. The mother had a sigh: "is Wang Zhang wife and fan Pang mother's fate to set me up?" Driving with no, Nandu is compromised, Zong Xi fled back. "Jiaji, Shawn Rolling in King Chien-Kuo, painting River conservation. Zong Xi neighborhood children gathered hundreds of people follow them, Shizhong camp no.. Given the staff side Lang positions, soon changed to censor duty. The supervision of the first year of Datong Li Lu issued in eastern zhejiang. Ma Shiying went to the party and the country, says when Zhu, Shawn Rolling was afraid he had held Guoan, coaxing him, Zong Xi said: "the ministers of force cannot kill Ma Shiying! In the spring and Autumn Period Confucius strength, impossible to Chen Hengzhi body, but can not say that he should not kill." Ru Lin apologized to him. Wrote to Wang Zhiren, "this is not a battle, with the intention of automorphic, three small house, to feed one hundred thousand people, will not be long branch, how to hold?" People think he is right, but not to take his advice. At this time, Sun Jiaji with a battalion of soldiers to Zong Xi, Zong Xi and Wang Zhengzhong and soldiers, get 3000 people. Wang Zhengzhong, Wang Zhiren is from, to encourage loyalty. Zong Xi and his deep contacts, so that Wang Zhiren could not interfere with military. So the troops Tan Hill, by sea into Taihu, the recruitment of Wuzhong area hero, reach Zhapu, about Chongde leader Sun Shi as internal. At this time the martial law can not move forward, and Jiang military defeat, Zong Xi into the four mountain Walled root of self-preservation, surplus of about five hundred soldiers, troops in the stick tin temple. He transform costumes to access supervision, warned men and people get along. Men have not all obey his commands, people worry that attracted scourge, secretly burned their fortress, Mao, Wang Han killed John department. Zong Xi had no place to go, catch his official documents issued repeatedly, so carrying children into the quiet, heard that the king in the sea, to him, was awarded the left side all criticism of post. Every day and Wu Zhongluan sat in the boat, dressed and lectures on, there is time to time, the west, and note three almanac.When Zong Xi fled, his mother still living at home. The Qing government toward the left officials before not destiny, records the population of his house, people know this thing. After Zong Xi heard, petition to supervise the country immediately, was allowed to change the name, secretly back home. This year, supervise the country by national health to jump to the caterpillar Chau, also called Zong Xi came to him as Feng Jingdi, deputy to the Japanese beg for help, after arriving in Nagasaki, was not allowed, so do an article named micro, officers and men to you. Since then, the thing migration, no fixed. Brother Zong Yan and Feng Jing because of society, is condemned, Zong Xi using a trick to be saved. Jia Wu, Zhang Mingzhen secretly sent messengers came, caught, and arrest Zong xi. Bing Shen, Shen Chi water Zhaizhu Erxu mishap, is headed by Zong Xi, Zong Xi to die, is God blessed, and Zong Xi have not been intimidated. Later, maritime forces total defeat, Zong Xi had no hope, will serve the mother back to remember, to write, to consult him around the school many people up gradually. Wu Wu, the Qing court order called the erudite scholar. Abbot Bachelor Ye Fangai in poetry and persuade, urging him to leave, the two decline will not take place. Soon, Ai Feng Zhao with the abbot bachelor party Xu Yuanwen supervisor Ming, ready to call him as a consultant, governors and respectful to hire him, and finding a way out of the. The discussion if not, please letter to the governor of Zhejiang, the relevant part of history, let the copy of his book to the capital, his son Huang Baijia in the museum. Xu Qianxue is on duty to serve the emperor of Qing Dynasty, the Qing emperor asked legacy literature things, and to Zong Xi, and said: "once his brother Yuan Wen Shu recommended, but the old can't come." Qing emperor said: "can be summoned to Beijing, I'm not awarded him the government. If you want to go back, will send officials to send him back." Zong Xi old dry theory determined not to, the Qing emperors sigh speechless, that talent is rare. Although Zong Xi did not call, and the Bureau of history have big things would be to ask him. Li Zhi Wu Chen Ren hand, President of a thousand miles Messenger, begged him to review before they settle down. Once said that the history of the Song Dynasty Daoxue Zhuan is single, Yuan Confucianism see rude. The history of the Ming Dynasty followed the system. Zhu Yizun is also have this proposal, Zong Xi's letter to the people to see, and then remove the Daoxue zhuan. Zong Xi died at eighty-six. The knowledge of Zong Xi, out of Houttuynia cordata hill, heard of cautiousness theory, careful. Once said, Ming lecturing, followed quotations dross, and not as fundamental to the six classics, the book tied up in and you talk about. Therefore, people must be asked to learn classical academic, governance is used to control the world,. Don't do Yuru, must histories, histories is not much, can't change that makes sense; read more, but there is no experience, that is shallow degree. Therefore on the ancient and modern, [in] hole open, since the days of officer, topography, various sects of religion, no deep study. The book "to learn like number theory" six volumes, "the book" a volume of essays, "Lulu" new "two volumes, Mencius said" volume two division. Essays are "Nanlei copy", "poem case". This coexistence "Nanlei," eleven volumes, "Nanlei about" four volumes. And the "Ming Confucianism case" sixty-two volumes, the Ming Dynasty Confucianism school lectures division and rather detailed, clear sea "" four hundred and eighty-two volumes, read Ming. More than two thousand home, he said that history and ten in the [End]. And "deep clothing test" a, "this water roll" Siming Mountain "," nine volumes, "Jia Zi" the test volume, "two-way learning plan" two volumes, "Ji Ming case" two hundred and forty-four volumes, and "Ming Yi Dai" volume, are telling the governance world the truth. After Gu Yanwu see and praise: "three generations of the rule can be restored!" Astronomy is "Datong on" four volumes, "when the new constitution calligraphy solution eclipse method" a "solution", won a roll, "cut line" won eight solution volume, "timing method if the" roll ", western law if" volume, "and" law if a roll. Mei Wending then according to Zhou Bi about astronomy, the world was not secret, but do not know Zong Xi is the founder of the. Old age, "learning" song series, and "Ming Confucianism case", recorded seven hundred years Ru yuan portal. Xuantong year, from the worship of Confucious'temple.
黄宗羲字太冲,余姚人,是明朝御史黄尊素的长子.黄尊素因为弹劾太监魏忠贤死在诏狱里.明思宗即位后,黄宗羲赴京师为父亲申冤.抵达时太监魏忠贤已被分尸处死,便写了奏疏请求皇帝处死曹钦程,李实.正逢朝廷审问许显纯,崔应元,黄宗羲和他们对簿公堂,拿出衣袖中所藏的铁锥子刺许显纯,刺得遍体流血.当时曹钦程已经牵连到魏忠贤的逆案中,李实上疏申辩原先的奏疏并非出自己手,暗地里送给黄宗羲三千两银子请求他不要出面对质,黄宗羲立即把这件事奏报朝廷,在和李实对簿公堂时又用铁锥刺他.官司了结以后,他和受害各家的子弟到狱门前设祭台对亲人祭奠,痛哭声传到皇宫里.明思宗听到以后,叹息说:"忠臣孤子,朕的心中很可怜他们"明朝灭亡后,清廷下诏征求博学鸿儒,掌院学士叶方蔼敦促他上路就任,推辞两次才得以避免.过了不久,叶方蔼奉诏监修《明史》,以礼聘请他,又被推辞.皇上说:"可以召他到北京来,我不交给他任务,如果他要回去,当即派遣官员送他回去."黄宗羲虽然不肯来,而史局凡有重要的问题,一定向他征求意见,请黄宗羲审订改正而后定稿.曾经说到《宋史》另外列有《道学传》,元朝者的鄙陋所致,《明史》不应该按照《宋史》的旧例这样做.朱彝尊正好有这种主张,得到黄宗羲的书信以后拿给大家看,便删去《明史》中的《道学传》.
王夫之,字而农,衡阳人.张献忠攻陷衡州,王夫之避居南岳,张献忠抓住他父亲作为人质.王夫之自己举刀遍刺肢体,被人抬去交换父亲.对方见他伤重,放了他,和父亲一起回家.明王驻扎桂林,任命他担任行人一职.当时国势危急,大臣们仍然水火不容.夫之多次弹劾王化澄,化澄想杀他.明朝灭亡,更加收敛锋芒,隐蔽行迹.回到衡阳石船山,学者称他船山先生.吴三桂在衡州称帝,有人让王夫之上劝进表,王夫之说:"亡国遗臣,剩下的只有一死罢了,现在怎么会写给此不祥之人呢!"于是逃入深山,作了《祓禊赋》来表明心志.吴三桂被平定,上级官员听到此事,心中称许,嘱咐郡守赏赐王夫之粟帛,召见他,王夫之以患病推辞.当时,海内大儒,道推容城,馀姚,昆山.然而这些人通过隐居声望日盛,虽然朝廷征召都以死拒绝,可是公卿称赞,天子动容,他们的著作容易在世上流传.只有王夫之避身瑶峒,声影不出林莽,最终得以完发而死.
绛旓細銆娓呭彶绋路鏉庤祿鑺镐紶銆嬪師鏂囧強璇戞枃鈥斺旂炕璇戝師鏂: 鏉庤祿鑺,瀛楅儚鏂,姹熻嫃鍢夊畾浜恒 涔鹃殕浜斿崄浜斿勾杩涘＋,鎺堟禉姹熷瓭涓扮煡鍘裤傝皟寰锋竻,鍐嶅骞虫箹銆 鍢夊簡涓夊勾,涔濆嵖涓湁瀵嗚崘涔嬭,璇忚宸℃姎闃厓,鍏冨:鈥滆祿鑺稿畧娲佹墠浼,涓烘禉涓涓鑹悘銆傗濆紩瑙,浠ュ悓鐭モ憼鍗囩敤銆 瀵绘摙鍢夊叴鐭ュ簻,姝ｅ繁鐜囧睘,鏃犳暍浠ヨ嫗鑻磋繘鑰呫傚崄骞,姘寸伨,鍑忕矞鏈夊疄鎯,璧...
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绛旓細銆娓呭彶绋路鏉庤祿鑺镐紶銆嬪師鏂囧強璇戞枃鈥斺旂炕璇戝師鏂: 鏉庤祿鑺,瀛楅儚鏂,姹熻嫃鍢夊畾浜恒 涔鹃殕浜斿崄浜斿勾杩涘＋,鎺堟禉姹熷瓭涓扮煡鍘裤傝皟寰锋竻,鍐嶅骞虫箹銆 鍢夊簡涓夊勾,涔濆嵖涓湁瀵嗚崘涔嬭,璇忚宸℃姎闃厓,鍏冨:鈥滆祿鑺稿畧娲佹墠浼,涓烘禉涓涓鑹悘銆傗濆紩瑙,浠ュ悓鐭モ憼鍗囩敤銆 瀵绘摙鍢夊叴鐭ュ簻,姝ｅ繁鐜囧睘,鏃犳暍浠ヨ嫗鑻磋繘鑰呫傚崄骞,姘寸伨,鍑忕矞鏈夊疄鎯,璧...
