描述一下日本的地震或火山情况（用英语）十万火急啊！
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地震方面，相近描述了日本的地震史
Japan is situated in the collision area of at least four great lithospheric plates: the Eurasian/Chinese Plate, the North American Plate, the Philippine Plate and the Pacific Plate. The continuous movements of these plates generates a lot of energy released from time to time in earthquakes of varying magnitude and effects and so unfortunately catastrophic earthquakes are nothing new for this region.
Destructive earthquakes, often followed by a tsunami, occured in Japan for several times per century. From 1930 until today 10 stronger earthquakes have caused in sum the death of more than 18000 people and destroyed hundreds of thousands of buildings.Many earthquake were associated with devastating tsunamis.
Written records of strong earthquakes and their aftermath date back at least 1600 years. Until 1860, with the begin of the modern era, however Japanese naturalists were less interested in exploring the cause of earthquakes than their effects, and mythical explanations and divine intervention prevailed.
In the year 1600 the Japanese nobleman Tokugawa Ieyasu chose the village of Edo (modern Tokyo) as his new residence, three years later it was the capital of the unified Japan. The city rapidly grew and soon reached hundreds of thousands of inhabitants - one of the largest cities at the time. Unfortunately this strategic position at the bay of Tokyo was and is also a highly seismic area.
The 31. December 1703 Japan was stroke by a strong earthquake (with an estimated intensity of 8 after the Mercalliscale), in Edo most of the buildings constructed of wood collapsed. More than 6.500 people were killed by a flood wave, which caused havoc in the bay of Sagami and on the peninsula of Boso. This earthquake and its aftermath effects, like flood and fire, killed estimated 150000 people.
One of the most remembered earthquakes struck Tokyo on the 11. November 1855 (the Ansei Edo earthquake), it was actually one of the most destructive shocks (with a magnitude of 7.3) that had ever afflicted the town, killing estimated 16000-20000 people. From this event many woodblock art prints still exist, displaying the destruction and telling of the despair of the survivors.
On October 28, 1891, the agricultural Nobi region of Japan, north of the city of Nagoya, experienced an earthquake of magnitude 8. Modern buildings made of bricks as wooden traditional houses were heavenly damaged or collapsed, hundreds of thousands became homeless and 7.000 people were killed.
The English geologists John Milne (18491913), who in 1880 founded the Seismologists Society of Japan, studied the effects of the earthquake and published an important monographic work "The great earthquake in Japan, 1891". The Japanese geologist Bunjiro Koto observed a superficial dislocation of the landscape by 4m as the origin of the earthquake and recognized a fundamental principle in seismology: that faults are not the result of an earthquake, but its cause.
During the second half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th, scientific research on earthquakes became rapidly established in Japan.
Fusakichi Omori (1868-1923), director of the Seismological Institute of Japan, studied the occurrence of earthquakes around Tokyo and wrote in 1922:"Currently the immediate area of Tokyo is seismically quiet while in the mountains around Tokyo in a distance of about 60 kilometres there are often triggered earthquakes, which although they are may felt in the capital are in fact harmless, because the affected areas are not part of a larger destructive seismic zone.
Over time, the seismic activity in these areas will gradually diminish, meanwhile it will increase as compensation in the bay of Tokyo and will possibly cause a strong earthquake. An earthquake with an epicentre at some distance from Tokyo would be have a half destructive, local impact."
One year later, on Saturday the 1. September 1923, the city of Yokohama and Tokyo were hit again by an earthquake, today it is remembered as the Great Kanto-earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale and the epicentre situated in the bay of Sagami - adjacent to the bay of Tokyo.
More than 99.000 people were killed by the collapse of buildings, a 10 to 12m high tsunami and a fire that raged for 2 days in the city. The bodies of possibly more than 40.000 people were never found. September the 1. is today a national day of remembrance for the dangers of earthquakes.
June 28, 1948 the American photographer Carl Mydans visited the city of Fukui to document the post-war development of this important industrial city. At 17.14 Mydans was surprised by a strong earthquake in the American military base, he remembers:
"The cement of the floor crashed. Dishes and tables were spun into our faces and we all found us in a mad dance…… when I found myself near the entrance, I moved into it's direction. But the floor slipped away under my feet and I rushed against a crumbling wall."
Mydans turned back to get his camera and in the next 15 hours documented the desperation and destruction of the 7.3 magnitude that destroyed Fukui and killed 5131 people.
According to Mydans, most of the victims perished entrapped under the debris in the fire after the earthquake. Shocked by the lack of tools to excavate debris and recuperate persons, Mydans promoted the distribution of emergency tool boxes, equipped with an axe and other heavy utensils.
In January 1995 the industrial city of Kobe was heavily damaged by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 after Richter, the strongest earthquake in Japan since 1923. More than 6.000 people were killed and more than 300.000 people lost their homes.
The actual tragic earthquake of 14.45 11. March 2011 with a magnitude of 8.9 (possibly 9.1, there is also a map showing the intensity after Mercalli) is covered by various geobloggers.
火山方面：下图给出了日本火山的分布和名称、火山高度、地理坐标（可在谷歌地球上输入定位，获取进一步信息）、最后喷发时间等。
Hokkaidō（北海道火山链-群）
Honshū（本州火山链-群)
Izu Islands(伊豆诸岛火山链-群)
Kyūshū（九州岛火山链-群）
Nansei Islands（琉球群岛火山链-群）
其他零散（非火山群）火山
Japan is a part of the Eurasia continent and made up of more than 6,000 islands. Also, it is fomed on the volcanic line, called "Ring of Fire." Many scientists believe that most of Japan Islands were under the sea before Miocene. (1) Lifting Japan islands started in the early Miocene by volcanic activities that was related to the shift trenches of the Pacific, Eurasia, and Philippine plates. In the late Miocene, the current Japan Islands were formed by shifting volcanic-arcs from the back-arc to the front arc when the trenches moved back the trenches.
Also, most volcanoes which created the formation of the current Japan Islands exhausted,
and they disappeared in the early Miocene that they left scars of their activities on the surface. Most current volcanoes have been active since Holocene and have mainly formed stratovolcano. Some active volcanoes have been studied to understand the intensiveness and scale of volcanic hazards from thier eruptions. Moreover, the volcanic hazards in Japan are very similar to the hazards of the Cascade volcanoes in the United States because both volcanic activities are linked together by the "Ring of Fire."
Types of volcano - Japan
In Japan, the volcanic activities have changed scale and characteristics of the eruptions. During Miocene, the stress fields were located between northeast (NE) and southeast (SW) and frequentry moved thier positions.. The stress field produced a large size of batholiths underground and developed many caldera volcanoes on the surface. After Miocene, most caldera volcanoes disappeared while many stratovolcanoes were formed, because the stress fields changed their directions from NE and SW to east and west (1). Today, there are more than 80 historical volcanoes and 85 active volcanoes in Japan (2). Also, the historical volcanoes that were formed in Miocene are used to study relationships between volcanic and plutonic activities. Also, active volcanoes that were formed after Miocene are used to develop models and study volcanic hazards.
Volcanic Hazards - Japan
Most of active volcanoes in Japan formed stratovolcanoes or complex volcano. These volcanoes potentially produce the volcanic hazards such as pyloclastic flows, laha, volcanic bombs, ash falls potentially that travel faster and longer distances. Because Japan volcanic-arc is linked to the Cascade Volcanic-arc by the Ring of Fire, the volcanic hazrds in Japan are very similar to the hazards in the Cascade volcanoes, for example Mt. St. Helens eruption in1980 (1). Some of those volcanoes are located near highly populated areas. People in areas often face to the serious volcanic hazards when the volcanoes erupt, for example Unzen and Sakura-jima volcanoes.
Active Volcanoes - Japan
Today, some of active volcanoes which potentially produce serious volcanic hazards including pyroclastic flows, laha, ash fall, and volcanic bombs are located near big cities. The Japan Meteorological Agency uses a rank of time scale and a table for alert levels in different intensity of volcanic activities and notify people in the cities for their protection.
Dormant Volcanoes - Japan
Some active volcanoes have been dormant for hundreds or thousands of years.. They created beautiful overview of their mountain ranges and forests around the vents. However, Japanese historians recorded volcanic hazards in reports, songs, and poems when they erupted.
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