区域多金属矿成矿模式 中国区域成矿研究中几个重要问题

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胶东地区的三个金矿成矿小区、七种金矿床类型是同一构造背景、同一成因、同一时代形成的产于不同构造部位、不同围岩条件的不同自然类型(宋明春等,2010 b)。本书研究表明,胶东有色金属矿与胶东金矿形成于同一构造背景、同一地质时代,但产出的大地构造位置、物理化学条件不同,因此矿床类型不同。由伟德山花岗岩内部经过接触带至远离花岗岩,依次出现钼矿-钼钨矿-铅锌铜矿、铜矿-多金属矿、铅锌矿-金(银)矿。胶东东部位于三叠纪碰撞造山带,经过中生代的剧烈隆升、剥蚀,出露大的伟德山花岗岩基,花岗岩外围围岩及花岗岩外的有关矿床多被剥蚀。自东向西,隆起、剥蚀程度减弱,伟德山花岗岩出露减少,花岗岩外的矿体剥蚀减少,因此出现自东向西金(银)矿增多,有色金属矿减少的规律。(图8-1)。

岩浆活动、流体迁移、伸展拆离是胶东金及有色金属矿成矿的关键因素。矿床形成于白垩纪大规模岩浆活动期,伟德山花岗岩岩浆活动是造成成矿流体活动的根本原因。花岗岩浆活动分异的流体萃取花岗岩内部的金属元素,在岩体内(外)适当部位沉淀成矿,形成斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿、钼钨矿、铅锌矿,以岩浆活动造成围岩中的流体活化为主,并与花岗岩类分离出溶的流体混合,萃取花岗岩内部和围岩中的金属元素,主要在岩体外适当部位沉淀成矿,形成蚀变岩型、脉型等金(银)矿和脉型多金属矿。伴随中国东部中生代幔隆作用、岩石圈减薄,大规模花岗岩侵位形成热隆-伸展构造,为成矿提供了有利空间。金矿主要产于胶北地块西缘伸展构造带、胶北地块核部顺层剪切或层间滑动构造带、胶莱盆地边缘断裂带及胶北地块与苏鲁造山带间的张性断裂中等构造部位。有色金属矿主要赋存于侵入接触带、断裂构造带(包括岩体内部的节理裂隙带)、层间破碎带。围绕伟德山花岗岩,由近及远依次产出钼矿床、铜-铅锌矿床、金矿床。矿体的产状与围岩性质有关,层状围岩中常形成顺层产出的缓倾似层状矿体;块状围岩中有较多陡倾脉状矿体,也有在缓倾裂隙带中赋存的脉状矿体;片麻状围岩中既有沿韧性剪切带分布的缓倾透镜状矿体,又有与片麻理斜交的陡倾脉状矿体;沿不同类型围岩的边界常形成伸展拆离构造,其中产出大脉状、似层状矿体(图8-3)。

图8-3 胶东地区金及有色金属矿成矿模式简图

(据宋明春等,2013,有修改)

1—白垩纪花岗岩;2—侏罗纪玲珑花岗岩;3—前寒武纪变质基底岩系;4—伸展构造;5—金(银)矿体;6—以铅锌为主的多金属矿体;7—以铜为主的多金属矿体;8—钼(钨)矿体



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