英语的基础知识 英语基础知识——音标

\u82f1\u8bed\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6

\u54ce\u54df\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u95ee\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u54df\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e70\u4e00\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u770b\uff0c\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u90fd\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u5168\u54e6\uff01

\u97f3\u6807\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\uff0c\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u51c6\u786e\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\u8bfb\u82f1\u8bed\u5355\u8bcd\uff1b\u4e00\u5171\u670948\u4e2a\uff01\uff01\uff01\uff01\uff01\uff01\uff01

我这有冠词和名词的。
(一)、定冠词the的用法

1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。

Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。

2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。

Open the window please. 请把窗户打开。(双方都知道指的是哪一扇窗户)

3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。

There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.

窗户附近有一把椅子。椅子上坐着一位年轻妇女,怀里抱着一个婴儿。

4.指世界上独一无二的事物。

Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳、地球和月亮哪一个最大?

5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。

The first truck is carrying a few baskets. 第一辆卡车装运一些筐。

6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。

the Great wall长城,the Summer Palace颐和园,

the People’s Farm人民农场,the Science Museum科学馆

7.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。

the rich富人 the poor穷人 the sick病人 the old老人,

the young年轻人 the blind盲人 the dead死人

8.用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。

The Turners are going home on a train. 特纳夫妇在回家的火车上。

9.用在方位词前。

on the left/right在左/右边

in the east/west/north/south在东/西/北/南方

at the back/front of在……的后/前面

10.用在乐器名称前。

Do you like playing the piano or the violin? 你喜欢弹钢琴还是喜欢拉小提琴?

11.用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。

the East China Sea 东海the Huai River 淮河

the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山the United States of American 美国

12.用在某些固定词组中。

all the same 仍然all the time 一直

all the year round 一年到头at the age of 在……岁时

at the beginning of 起初; 开始at the end of 在……的尽头/末尾

at the entrance of 在……门口at the foot of 在……脚下

at the head of 在……的前面at the moment 此刻

at the same time 同时by the side of 在……附近

by the time 到时候by the way 顺便说

catch the post 赶上邮班do the shopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服

give...the message 捎口信给……go to the classroom 去教室

in the end 最后;终于in the hat 戴帽子的

in the middle of the day 中午in the morning/afternoon / evening 在上午/下午/晚上

in the open air 在户外;在野外jump the queue 不按次序排队

lead the way to 引路;指路look the same 看起来很像

on the earth 在地球上tell the truth 说实话

the day after tomorrow 后天the day before yesterday 前天

the high jump 跳高the long jump 跳远

the next day 第二天the next year下一年

the people 人民the starting line起跑线
不用冠词的情况

1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。

I’m going to England next week for a holiday.下周我将要去英国度假。

2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词my, your, his, her等;指示代词this/ these, that/those; 不定代词some, any等及所有格限制时。

The letter is in her pocket. 信在她的衣袋里。

3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。

My father and mother are teachers. 我的父亲和母亲是教师。

4.在星期、月份、季节、节日前。

The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn. 到中国来的最好时间是春季或秋季。

Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teacher’s Day. 今天是九月十日,星期四,教师节。

[注意] 如果月份、季节等被一个限定性定语修饰,则要加定冠词。

He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.他在1982年春季参军。

5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。

Happy Teachers’ Day, Miss Zhao!

Here it is, Mom!

6.在学科名称、三餐饭和球类运动名称前。

I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject. 我认为汉语比其它学科更普及。

Can you play basketball? 你会打篮球吗?We are going to play football. 我们去踢足球。

[注意]I can see a football.(指足球,并非“球类运动”)

Where’s the football.

7.某些固定词组中不用冠词。

①与by连用的交通工具名称前

by bus, by car, by bike, by train, by air/plane, by sea/ship

②名词词组

day and night, brother and sister, hour after hour, here and there

③介词词组

at home在家in surprise惊奇地

at noon在中午on foot步行

at night在晚上on duty值日

at work在工作on time准时

for example例如on business经商

in school在上学on holiday在度假

in class在上课on show展览

in hospital在住院on top of在……顶部

in bed在床上

④ go短语

go home回家go to bed上床睡觉

go to school去上学go to work去上班

go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼
参考资料:http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/12072440.html?fr=qrl3
名词:
不知道你是初中生,还是高中生,下面的资料几乎全面讲述了可数名词和不可数名词,如果是高中生,相信会收获颇丰的,如果是初中生,就适当选择阅读。

名词是表示人或物的名称的词,可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词由表示某一类人或物的个体的个体名词、表示由若干个体组成的集合体的集体名词、表示无法分为个体的实物的物质名词、以及表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的抽象名词组成;专有名词则是个人、地方、机构、组织等所专有的名称。

1.1 可数名词与不可数名词(Countable nouns and uncountable nouns)

从词的形式来看,英语名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数与不可数是英语名词的最基本类别。一般说来,个体名词是可数名词;物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词是不可数名词;集体名词则有的可数, 有的不可数。

1.1.1 可数名词与不可数名词(Countable nouns and uncountable nouns)

a. 可数名词有单、复数形式,单数形式可用a/ an; 不可数名词没有复数形式,单数形式前不用a/ an,但可用the或不用。例如:
Tom is a little boy.
There are 20 boys in our class.
Fish and poultry are usually not called meat.
I'll pay for the meat.

b. 名词的数影响句子中与之有关的谓语动词、限定词等。例如:
There are many/ some/ a lot of/ (a) few people in the park.
There are not many/ any people in the park.
There is much/ some/ a lot of/ (a) little/ a great deal of/ a fair
amount of water.
There is not much/ any water.

c. 下列名词常用作不可数名词:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, cash, cloth,clothing, coal, equipment, fun, furniture, grass, harm, information, ink, knowledge, labour, laughter, leisure, luck, lightning, living, luggage, machinery, meat, money, news, paper, permission,
popularity, progress, rice, scenery, soap, sugar, tea, traffic, travel, trouble, thunder, weather, work等。

1.1.2 可数名词与不可数名词之间的相互转化(Conversion of uncountable into countable and countable into uncountable) 可数名词与不可数名词在一定条件下可以相互转化。

a. 物质名词一般是不可数的,但用来表示具体、个别事物,或表示各种不同品种时,通常是可数的,如different coffees,
various soaps。再看以下例子:
Do you care for tea?
Long-jing is a well-known tea.
We were not allowed to buy wine at lunch time.
I like wines.

b. 抽象名词一般是不可数的,但当它前后有修饰语表示"某一种"或"某一方面"的抽象概念时,其前可加a/ an。例如:
A good map would be a help.
It was a relief to sit down.
He had a good knowledge of mathematics.

c. 某些物质名词或抽象名词用作复数时,词义往往起变化。例如:
Light(光)travels faster than sound.
The lights(灯)are on.
He is a teacher of five years' experience(经验).
He is relating to us his experiences(经历)as an explorer.

d. 有些集体名词,如audience, committee, class, couple, crew,
family, team, government, jury, party, public等,既可作单数,
又可作复数。把集体视为一个整体时,用作单数;指该集体
的各个成员时,用作复数。例如:
The audience is enormous.
The audience are enjoying every minute of the play.
His family is small.
My family are all doctors.

1.2 复数(Plural)

1.2.1 英语名词的复数构成(Formation of the plural of English nouns)

a. 英语可数名词的规则复数形式,是在词尾加-s。例如:
desks, maps, lakes, workers, fields, days, miles, pages, horses

b. 如词尾为ch, sh, ss或x,在词尾加-es。例如:
church→churches, bush→bushes, class→classes, box→boxes

c. 如词尾为-f或-fe,一般变为-ves; 有的加-s即可;而有的
则既可变为-ves,又可只加-s。例如:
calf→calves, half→halves, knife→knives, leaf→leaves,
life→lives, loaf→loaves, self→selves, shelf→shelves,
thief→thieves, wife→wives, wolf→wolves;
belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, safe→safes,
handkerchief→handkerchiefs;
hoof→hooves/ hoofs, scarf→scarves/ scarfs,
wharf→wharves/ wharfs

d. 如词尾为-y,则变y为i,再加-es。例如:
party→parties, factory→factories, family→families

e. 如词尾为o,有的加-es;有的加-s;有的则既可加-es,又可只加-s。例如:
echo→echoes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,
tomato→tomatoes;
radio→radios, piano→pianos, photo→photos, zoo→zoos;
buffalo→buffalo(e)s, cargo→cargo(e)s, mosquito→mosquito(e)s,
volcano→volcano(e)s

f. 表示字母、数字及其它词类的复数时,词尾常加-'s,有时只加-s。例如:
Her J's look like T's.
Since the beginning of the 90's, the town has changed a lot.
Don't interrupt me with your buts.

g. 一些不规则变化的名词复数形式:
child→children, foot→feet, goose→geese, man→men,mouse→mice, ox→oxen, tooth→teeth, woman→women

h. 有些以-s结尾的名词通常只有复数形式:
scissors, goods, trousers, clothes, pants, spectacles;belongings, findings, savings, surroundings;contents, mumps, measles, stairs

i. 有些集体名词用作复数:
cattle, police, people, militia, poultry

1.2.2 源自希腊文或拉丁文的外来词(Words of Greek or Latin origin)

一些外来词有以下的复数变化形式:

a. 词尾-is变成-es: analysis→analyses, basis→bases,crisis→crises

b. 词尾-um变成-a:
curriculum(课程)→curricula, datum(资料,数据)→data, medium(媒体)→media

c. 词尾-on变成-a:
criterion(标准)→criteria/ criterions , phenomenon→phenomena

d. 词尾-us变成-i:
nucleus→nuclei, stimulus→stimuli, syllabus(教学大纲)→syllabi

e. 词尾-a变成-ae:
antenna(天线)→antennae/ antennas,
formula(准则,公式)→formulae

f. 词尾-ix/ -ex变成-ices:
appendix(附录)→appendices, index(索引)→indices/ indexes

1.2.3 具有两种不同意义的复数形式(Two forms of the plural with
differentiated meaning)

有些名词的复数具有两种不同意思,一个与单数的意思相同,另一个则为别的意思。例如:
arms手臂(复数);武器
customs习惯(复数);关税
minutes 分钟(复数);记录

1.2.4 单数形式(Singular form)

a. 有的名词单复数同形:
Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means, series, species,以及jin
(斤)、li(里)、yuan(元)等汉语译名。例如:
one sheep/ two sheep

b. 有些以-s结尾的学科名词或国名,作单数用:
phonetics(语音学),physics,optics(光学),politics;
the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands等。

c. 有些和数词连用的名词,表示复数时仍保持单数形式:
a ten-pound baby, a twelve-foot pole, two dozen eggs,
three million dollars

1.2.5 复合名词(Compound nouns)

a. 句法复合名词的复数形式:
1)词尾加-s: bedrooms, bookcases
2)前后两个名词均需变为复数:
manservant→menservants, woman doctor→women doctors
3)少数复合名词可在第一或第二个词后加-s:
attorney general→attorneys general/ attorney generals
4)名词后加-s:
looker-on→lookers-on, son-in-law→sons-in-law
5)词尾加-s: grown-up→grown-ups,sit-in→sit-ins
6)动词-ing形式后加-s: coming-in→comings-in

b. 衔头、称谓的复数形式:
the two Browns, Drs.William and Henry Brown

1.3 单位名词(Unit nouns)

单位名词用来表示不可数名词的个体性,即使之能以个数计算;也能与可数名词搭配表示"一双","一群"等意义。除了搭配能力很强的piece和bit以外,还有表示形状、容积、重量以及表示成双、成群的单位名词。例如:
a piece/ bit of advice/ bread/ information/ news;
a bar of chocolate/ a cake of soap/ a loaf of bread/ a pack of cigarettes;
a bag of flour/ a basket of fruit/ a pound of butter/ a yard of fabric;
a couple of players/ a flock of birds/ a pair of shoes/ a swarm of bees等。

1.4 名词属格(Genitive nouns)

英语名词有两种属格:-'s属格和of-属格。例如:
What is the school's name?
What is the name of the school?

1.4.1 -'s属格和of-属格(-s genitive and of genitive)

a. 两种属格表示的意义

1)所有关系:
Mr Brown's suitcase (相当于Mr Brown has a suitcase.)
the trunk of an elephant (相当于An elephant has a trunk.)

2)主谓关系:
Dr Smith's answer (相当于Dr Smith answered---)
the claim of the buyers (相当于The buyers claimed---)

3)动宾关系:
the boy's punishment (相当于--- punished the boy.)
the occupation of the Island (相当于--- occupied the island.)

4)事物的来源:
the girl's story (相当于a story told by the girl)
the laws of Newton (相当于the laws advanced by Newton)

5)事物的类别:
a doctor's degree (相当于a doctoral degree)
women's magazines (相当于magazines for women)

6)同位关系:
the city of New York (相当于New York is a city.)
the pleasure of meeting you (相当于Meeting you is a pleasure.)

7)其它:
10 days' absence/ an absence of 10 days
(相当于The absence lasted 10 days.)
parts of the problem
(相当于The problem is divisible into parts.)

b. -'s属格的使用:

1)主要用于表示有生命的名词,如women's clothes, the horse's
mouth等。
2)用于国家机关、社团及一些地理名称,如the government's
plan, Europe's future等。
3)用于交通工具等,如the ship's bell, the car's engine 等。
4)用于表示时间、距离、价值和重量的名词,如a moment's
thought, seven hours' walk, six dollars' worth, two tons' weight
等。
5)常用于一些习惯用语中,如in my mind's eye, in life's
struggle等。

c. of-属格的使用:

主要用于表示无生命的名词,如the events of the decade, the
door of the hut等。

d. -'s属格的省略:

-'s属格后的名词有以下情况可以省略:
1)被修饰名词在句中已出现过,例如:
His car is faster than his father's (car).
2)被修饰名词表示某人的家,例如:
The doctor's (house) is on the other side of the street.
3)被修饰名词表示教堂、学校等公共建筑物,例如:
Joe lives near St. Paul's (Cathedral) in London.
4)被修饰名词表示某家店铺,例如:
Pickled vegetables are available at the grocer's.
1.4.2 双重属格(Double genitive)
兼有两种属格结构的后置修饰语叫做双重属格。
a. 双重属格用来表示的所有关系是人,不是物。例如:
a/ any friend of mine (=one/ any of my friends)
some daughters of Mrs Green's
(=some of Mrs Green's daughters)
two novels of Dickens' (=two of Dickens' novels)
上面的例子说明,双重属格可用a, any, some 及数词等修饰of
短语前面的名词,但不能用the,如不能说" the daughters of
Mrs Green's"。
b. 双重属格还常用this,that,these 和those 修饰of短语前面的名词, 以表示爱憎褒贬等情感。例如:
this idea of yours
that remark of David's
these shoes of my sister's
those dirty hands of Peter's

背句型,读课文吧,书读百遍,其义自现。
语法什么都不懂,通过朗读就明白了。现在去记这些也记不住,只能在实践中学了。
另外,要多做阅读题。英语不是在学语法,是在学应用。
a
red
apple
red
定语,修饰名词
he
runs
fast.
主谓结构。He
主语,runs
谓语
,fast
状语,副词做状语,修饰动词。
he
is
a
boy.
主系表结构,he
主语,is
系动词,a
boy
表语,系动词后叫表语。
he
eats
an
apple.
主谓宾结构。He
主语,eats,
谓语,an
apple,宾语。
He
goes
to
school
everyday.everyday是时间状语
He
makes
me
happy.
He 主语,makes谓语,
me
宾语,
happy,宾语补足语

例子 例句
名词n. apple it is an apple
形容词adj. beautiful it is an beautiful apple
介词 on on the way home
副词 quickly she runs quickly
时间副词 recently recently,there is...
动词 take take the apple with you
代词 my it is my apple
动名词 singing the boy singing now is Tom
冠词 a a tank
连词 as as I singing a song,she is crying
感叹词 wow wow,what a big tank。
先行词 when when i finished my home work...
状语 first time... he could never forget his first time to BeiJing.
定语 who wears in blue that is my sister who wear in blue
时间状语 跟状语相同啦 刚好可以用
主谓宾 I'm your teacher.I 主语 am谓语 your+...宾语 +宾补
表语 me it is me。

你问的很混乱~~~~~
虽然不知道你要这些事做什么用的

其实你买一本书,书名叫薄冰语法,仔细读就懂了。书写的很好,很易懂

冠词是a、an、the,放在名词前
反身代词就是带有self的,如myself,
yourself,himself等

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