高分：求关于化学方面的3000英文及翻译？ 高分求化学类英汉对照文章~不要翻译器翻译的~~有价值~~加分
\u9ad8\u5206\u60ac\u8d4f\uff01\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u7ae0\u6709\u70b9\u96be\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ffb\u8bd1~\u6c42\u82f1\u8bed\u9ad8\u624b\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff01\u5316\u5b66\u7c7b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u5fc3\u4eba\u5e2e\u6211\u9010\u53e5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u8fd8\u8ffd\u52a0\u5168\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
Diuronadsorption isotherms
\u654c\u8349\u9686\u5438\u9644\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf
The data corresponding to the adsorption of diuron onto AC at different temperatures
without pH control are shown in Fig. 2a\u2013c.
\u56fe 2a-c \u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u9178\u78b1\u5ea6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cAC\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6e29\u5ea6\u65f6\u5bf9\u654c\u8349\u9686\u7684\u5438\u9644\u91cf\u3002
As can be seen, they are well defined in the range studied, covering up to around 55 lmol
L 1.
\u4ece\u5404\u56fe\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u90fd\u5f88\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u81f3\u5927\u7ea6 55 lmol L1 \u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002
The uptake of diuron increases significantly with temperature in the whole range ofconcentration tested, thus the observed effect of temperature on the adsorption
capacity of diuron does not follow the most common trend for adsorption.
\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u53d7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u654c\u8349\u9686\u7684\u5438\u9644\u91cf\u90fd\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u663e\u7740\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u5bf9\u654c\u8349\u9686\u5438\u9644\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e0e\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5438\u9644\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0d\u540c\u3002
This apparent endothermic behaviour has been interpreted in terms of an increasedplanarity and diffusivity of the diuron molecules linked to the easier desolvation of diuron molecules in solution as temperature increases [10,11,27].
\u8fd9\u79cd\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5438\u70ed\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u7684\u654c\u8349\u9686\u4efd\u5b50\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u53bb\u6eb6\u5242\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ee4\u654c\u8349\u9686\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u6027\u548c\u6269\u6563\u7387\u90fd\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0 [10,11,27]\u3002
In a first approach, the equilibrium isotherms of Fig. 2a can be considered as L-type,more specifically L-3 subtype of Giles classification [12], indicating favourable
adsorption related to the low water solubility of diuron and the occurrence of
multilayer adsorption.
\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u56fe 2a \u7684\u5747\u8861\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u5c5e\u4e8e L \u7c7b\uff08\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u800c\u8a00\u5219\u5c5e Giles \u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684 L-3 \u5206\u7c7b [12]\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u654c\u8349\u9686\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u6c34\u6eb6\u5ea6\u548c\u591a\u5c42\u5438\u9644\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee4\u5b83\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5438\u9644\u80fd\u529b\u3002
The ever decreasing slope and the plateau of the first part of the isotherm are found in
most cases of adsorption from dilute solutions.
\u8be5\u6761\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u9012\u51cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9ad8\u5904\u8f6c\u5e73\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7a00\u8584\u6eb6\u6db2\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u5438\u9644\u60c5\u5f62\u3002
This pattern is representative of a progressive occupation of the surface available
for adsorption.
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee3\u8868\u53ef\u4f9b\u5438\u9644\u7684\u8868\u9762\u88ab\u9010\u6e10\u5360\u7528\u3002
The saturation shown by the plateau has been interpreted as the result of monolayercompletion, although it does not necessarily imply ordering in a close-packed
layer of adsorbate.
\u867d\u7136\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u5728\u9ad8\u5904\u8f6c\u5e73\u6240\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u9971\u548c\u60c5\u51b5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u662f\u5355\u5c42\u5438\u9644\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u5c42\u6392\u5217\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u5438\u9644\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u60c5\u51b5\u3002
The layer can also contain solvent molecules and adsorbate clusters, and the filling ofthe sites available on the original surface can coexist in some extent with the formation of multilayer or the filling of pores.
\u8be5\u5c42\u5438\u9644\u7269\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u6709\u6eb6\u5242\u7684\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u5438\u9644\u7269\u7684\u4efd\u5b50\u7fa4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u5438\u9644\u5728\u539f\u6709\u8868\u9762\u7684\u53ef\u5438\u9644\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u5438\u9644\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u586b\u585e\u5728\u5b54\u6d1e\u4e2d\u3002
The solute concentration at which the plateau of the isotherm is fully developed decreasesas temperature increases, thus it varies from around 45 lmol L1 to around 30
lmol L1 for the adsorption at 15 and 45 [1]C, respectively.
\u5f53\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u5728\u9ad8\u5904\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5e73\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u589e\u9ad8\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5373\u572815\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\u548c45\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u6d53\u5ea6\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u7ea645lmol L1\u81f3\u7ea6 30 lmol L1\u3002
In a previous paper, Fontecha-C\u00e1mara et al. [10] reported L-type isotherms for theadsorption of diuron on activated carbon fiber and cloth at pH 7, whereas
Bouras et al. [9] reported S-type isotherms for the adsorption of diuron on
surfactant-modified pillared clays at pH 6.
\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cFontecha-C\u00e1mara \u7b49\u4eba [10] \u66fe\u7ecf\u62a5\u5bfc\uff1a\u654c\u8349\u9686\u5728\u9178\u78b1\u5ea6\u4e3a 7 \u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d3b\u6027\u78b3\u7ea4\u7ef4\u548c\u5e03\u6599\u7684\u5438\u9644\u91cf\u5448\u73b0 L \u7c7b\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\uff1b\u800c Bouras \u7b49\u4eba [9] \u5219\u62a5\u5bfc\u654c\u8349\u9686\u5728\u9178\u78b1\u5ea6\u4e3a 6 \u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8868\u9762\u6d3b\u6027\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u67f1\u72b6\u7c98\u571f\u7684\u5438\u9644\u91cf\u5448\u73b0S\u7c7b\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u3002
Thus, the formation of multilayer seems to be conditioned by the nature of the adsorbent surface
and the effect of pH on the adsorbent-solute and adsorbate solute interactions.
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u591a\u5c42\u5438\u9644\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u5438\u9644\u9762\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5219\u662f\u9178\u78b1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5df2\u5438\u9644\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u548c\u5c1a\u5f85\u5438\u9644\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
The observation of the isotherms within the low concentration range (Fig. 2b) showsthat at 15\u201335 [1]C they have a continuous concave shape (L-3) whereas at 45 [1]C the shape of the isotherm could be even considered of S-3 type with an inflection at diuron concentration around 2
lmol L1.
\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\uff08\u56fe2b\uff09\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u572815-35\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5448\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u51f9\u5f62\uff08L-3\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u572845\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u66f4\u53ef\u7b97\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8eS-3\u7c7b\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u654c\u8349\u964d\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u7ea6\u4e3a 2lmol L
1 \u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5c48\u6298\u3002
Such shift at high temperatures would suggest a higher contribution of cooperative
adsorption, promoted by the interactions between the solute and the adsorbate.
\u5728\u9ad8\u6e29\u5904\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u548c\u5438\u9644\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee4\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5438\u9644\u6548\u679c\u3002
\u8702\u80f6\u5929\u7136\u6728\u8102\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u8026\u5408\u82ef\u57fa\u4e19\u70f7(C6-C3)\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1. \u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6700\u5927\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6d3b\u6027\u6728\u8102\u7684\u4e9a\u7eb2\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u6297\u764c\u3001\u6297\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u3001\u6297\u83cc\u548c\u6297\u6c27\u5316.
1\u3001\u6709\u591a\u6570\u8702\u80f6\u6728\u8102\u5728\u6302\u5f0f\u5916\u89c2\u4e0a\u7684\u53cc\u73af\u9aa8\u9abc\u6709\u53d6\u4ee32,6-\u4e8c\u82b3\u57fa\uff0c(\u5982\u829d\u9ebb\u7d201),\u867d\u7136\u90a3\u4e9b\u82b3\u9999\u6302\u5f0f\u7f6e\u6362(\u4f8b\u5982 \u7ec6\u8f9b\u7d202)\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7f6e\u6362,\u4e5f\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002
2\u3001\u829d\u9ebb\u7d20(1),\u53ef\u4ece\u5927\u91cf\u829d\u9ebb\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6,\u5b83\u8010\u4eba\u5bfb\u5473\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u9ad8\u6548\u6d3b\u6027\u6297\u6c27\u5242.
3\u3001\u53e6\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u829d\u9ebb\u7d20\u98df\u4e00\u79cd5-\u8131\u6c22\u9176\u7684\u7279\u6548\u6291\u5236\u5242, \u5b83\u80fd\u50ac\u5316\u8f6c\u5316\u4e9a\u9ebb\u9178-ç-\u4e9a\u9ebb\u9178\u751f\u6210\u70ef\u9178,\u5907\u6709\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u5177\u5907\u3002
4\u3001\u829d\u9ebb\u7d20\u4e5f\u8d77\u5230\u6291\u5236\u80c6\u56fa\u9187\u7684\u5438\u6536\u4e0e\u5408\u6210\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u80c6\u56fa\u9187\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528.
5\u3001\u5176\u5b83\u62a5\u544a\u8868\u660e\u829d\u9ebb\u7d20\u963b\u6b62\u809d\u810f\u56e0\u9152\u7cbe\u6216\u56db\u6c2f\u5316\u78b3\u53d7\u635f\u5e76\u4e14\u4f34\u6f14\u6291\u52367.12\u7532\u84bd\u5f15\u8d77\u8001\u9f20\u4e73\u817a\u80bf\u7624\u548c\u964d\u538b\u7684\u6548\u679c.
6\u3001\u7ec6\u8f9b\u7d20\u4e5f\u6709\u51e0\u9879\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8,\u5305\u62ec\u589e\u5f3a\u6297\u764c\u6027\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u6297\u8fc7\u654f\u6d3b\u6027\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u6297\u6bd2\u6027\u3002
7\u30018 \u7ec6\u8f9b\u7684\u6839\u663e\u6548\u4e8e.Fr. var. mandshuricum \u78b1\u84ec.
(\u6b23)\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u8349\u836f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5217\u5728\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u836f\u5178\u5e76\u4e14\u7528\u4f5c\u9547\u75db\u3001\u9547\u54b3\u5242\u3001\u795b\u75f0\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u611f\u3001\u5934\u75db\u3001\u98ce\u6e7f\u75db\u3001\u54ee\u5598\u548c\u6d3b\u8840\u5316\u6de4\u3002
9\u3001\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8702\u80f6\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u683d\u57f9\u3002
10 \u4ee5\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b64\u7acb\u4e86\u829d\u9ebb\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8f9b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u91cf\u76841\u548c2\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u63d0\u53d6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c,\u4f8b\u5982,\u5728\u5ba4\u6e29\u4e0b\u6d78\u6ce1\u6216\u771f\u7a7a\u84b8\u998f. \u4e00\u4e9b\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u9178\u6027\u50ac\u5316\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u829d\u9ebb\u7d20\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8f9b\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\uff08\u7acb\u4f53\uff09\u5f02\u6784\u4f53\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6728\u8102\u8702\u80f6\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u6784\u50cf\u884c\u4e3a\u663e\u793a,\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5f02\u6784\u7814\u7a76.
(1)\u3001\u7ec6\u8f9b\u4e24\u829d\u9ebb(2)\u6709\u8702\u80f6\u9aa8\u5e72,\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u964d\u83b0\u70f7\u548c\u53cc\u73af\u8f9b\u70f7[3.3.0]. \u8fd9\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684,\u5916\u578b\u5f02\u6784\u6bd4\u5185\u5f02\u6784\u4f53\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a. \u829d\u9ebb\u7d20\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5916\u578b\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u7ec6\u8f9b\u7d20\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u5916\u578b\u53d6\u4ee3\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u5185\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53d6\u4ee3(\u56fe1).
Propolis natural wood resin contains a large number of coupled two-propane (C6-C3) units. They are the largest in the biological activity of a variety of wood resin key link between Asia, such as anti-cancer, anti-mitotic and anti-bacterial And antioxidant.
1, the majority of Propolis in the behind-the appearance of fat on the bone are replaced by double loop 2,6 - diaryl, (such as sesame-1), although those aromatic Body-Pack replacement (such as Herba-2) and other replacement, We are also aware of this.
2-Sesame (1), can be extracted from a large number of sesame seeds, it is intriguing because it is the high antioxidant activity.
3, is also reported that a vegetarian sesame 5 - the effects dehydrogenase inhibitor, it linolenic acid catalytic converter-ç-linolenic acid generation, in both animals and micro-organisms have.
4, also played a sesame-inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis of cholesterol, thereby reducing activity.
5, other reports indicate that sesame-stop liver damage as a result of alcohol or carbon tetrachloride and suppress speech with a 7.12 anthracene rats caused by breast cancer and blood pressure.
6, there are a number of Herba-biological significance of the activities, including enhanced anti-cancer, anti-allergic activity to enhance and strengthen anti-toxic.
7, 8 Asarum effect on the root. Fr. Var. Mandshuricum salsa.
(Yan) is a traditional herbal medicines listed in the official in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and used as analgesic, antitussive agent, expectorant treatment, flu, headache, rheumatism, asthma and promoting blood circulation Relieving Blood.
9, it is reported that propolis has been extensive cultivation.
10 In the past, we isolated the process of the sesame and Herba, a different number of 1 and 2 depending on the different extraction methods, such as water at room temperature or vacuum distillation. The report pointed out that some of the acid catalyst in the conditions, and sesame-Asarum -Can form (3D) isomers. Due to the different biological activity of these two Lignans Propolis interesting conformation show acts, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of heterogeneous.
(1), sesame Asarum two (2) Propolis has the backbone, is similar to the double loop and drop-octane camphene [3.3.0]. This is a well-known, heterogeneous than the appearance in more stable isomers. Sesame has long been known to replace the two appearance in the form of Asarum and-a substitute appearance in another location, replace (Figure 1).
\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7
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May 1994 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Chemical) passed a resolution proposed to No. 109 elements named Meitnerium, to commemorate the nuclear physicist Lise Meitner (Lize-1968 Meitner 1878-1970) .
Li translated Meitner female scientists! Is a need to be found to be fair treatment of the great women! Lize to Meitner named No. 109 is the element of the great cause of women in science to the full recognition of the contribution. The well-known and Marie Curie, this is certainly in this great woman had her ups and downs of the long and full of discrimination 90 in the world bid farewell to the Spring and Autumn after a quarter of a century. Lize Meitner early on that she should be well-deserved high reputation, if there is no discrimination in the world.
The fall of 1907, Lize Meitner just get a doctorate in physics, with a strong desire for knowledge, from her home in Vienna, Austria, came to the then capital city of Berlin Prussia Empire, joined the Otto Hahn (Otio Hahn, 1879 - 1968) where the work of the Institute of the University of Berlin. It is worth mentioning that, when the institute is not allowed to enter women's work, because chemical reactions to determine the structure of the sugar and 5 years ago, won the Nobel chemistry prize money of the well-known scientists, Professor of Chemistry, University of Parkinson's break Aimierfei Shelby (Emil Fischer, 1852-1919) eye to know that she was in filled with radiation detection devices outside of the wooden structure of the workplace, can also go outside and out; the door. Meitner was soon working with Hahn's assistant in the name of Hahn, together with a number of published papers. World War I broke out in the near future, Hahn went to the war front, it is at this time, physics, Dr. Meitner done a real chemistry experiment, and the result is amazing - and the separation of radioactive elements found in the new protactinium in (Pa, 91). However, this is a great achievement for Hahn in 1918, the first author of the report, Lize Hahn Meitner only "assistant"!
The achievements of fissile is almost entirely in mind Hasi in the head. Is that not right? In 1944, in recognition Qiaen in 1938 for the first time Hong Zou neutron fission of uranium to make uranium, Hahn alone won the Nobel Prize. People surprised to find that, as assistant Hahn, and Hahn have been working together as fission experiment Fritz Strassman (Fritz Strassmann, 1902-l980) did not share with them. No man is also the assistant Lize Hahn Meitner of the contribution made by fission, the Nobel Prize should be called on by Hahn, Strassman and Meitner sharing!
In 1938, some Jewish Lize Meitner fled from Hitler's Germany to the Netherlands, the only player to carry two small boxes, 10 marks, as well as Hahn's mother gave her "an urgent need for" a diamond ring. Meitner's diary tells us that she went on with extreme psychological fear in August 1938 has finally been allowed to enter Norway. After several rounds of light business, Lize Meitner finally in Stockholm the Nobel Institute to seek a job, to do experimental physics. But here in Berlin than her treatment is much less, she is not her boss welcomed the Manne Siegbahn, her feelings of isolation as a whole to be in infrastructure, scientific research, not from wisdom to inspire. Soon, her nephew Aotuoluobo Tefu Li Shi (Otto RObert Frisch) to Stockholm for Christmas time, she found that Hahn was reading from the letter describes the role of the neutron uranium found in the product With radioactive barium amazing event. As a result Lize Meitner Frisch, together with the results of this has made theoretical explanation, and in the form of a letter published in the January 1939 publication of the
"Nature" magazine, a well-known in this article, Lize. Sway from side to side step to be satisfied Frisch put together a new concept in physics - a new class of nuclear reaction - fission. This just in a small text, they depict a painting of the basic picture of uranium fission. Later, Meitner and experiment with a fission.
Lize Meitner did not receive the Nobel Prize fish, but it is still important to many of the winners of the honor, including in 1966 with Hahn and Strassman Fermi-sharing bonuses. U.S. F that the nuclear scientists Darleane Hoffman, as a pioneer of nuclear science Lize Meitner was to have such achievements, which is one of the reasons why she is both a physicist and chemist, she is also the use of physical Chemistry. She assumptions Road: Emilio segre should have found the first transuranic element neptunium, if he is not a lack of adequate knowledge of chemical and rare earth elements to make mistakes to 23,993 words; Similarly, Enrico Fermi should have been found in fission, if his team The chemical separation technology is not quite so appropriate.
Lize near Turner never married, had single life. But she is not lonely and cold. She and many scientists to establish long-term good relationship, many scientists and his wife's close friend. She was with her as a father-like love and respect of the Max Planck Institute has a long and fruitful communication links. She also often go to Copenhagen Jia Zuoke Bohr. Lize Meitner by Germany's persecution of pure fascism, but also by some physicists of discrimination. She established the concept of fission, but have to face is used to produce fissile weapons of mass destruction and the fact that she has refused to take part in the development of nuclear weapons.
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British chemist David, was born in 1778 in Penzance. As a result of his father's premature death. Not the mother of five children to feed, then sell the farm, started millinery shop to produce. But their day is over the more bitter. David from an early age have the courage to explore his interest in a wide range. His favorite is the school of chemical, often their own experiments.
17-year-old, Mr. David to the BLS as a pharmacy apprentice. Both the medical school, school chemistry, in addition to reading, he's also more difficult to do chemical experiments, for which he was sent to a "chemist".
One day, a man named Tony Meadows physicist, had to visit the "chemist" and invited him to the very good conditions for the gas to the work of the Institute.
However, Dai Weixin employed, Tony came to the meadows of the Institute. The study through a variety of gases on the human body, out of gas which were beneficial and which harmful gases.
David to accept the first task is the preparation of nitrous oxide gas. David does not live up, it is such a system on acetylene gas. At that time, it is said that this harmful gas, and some people said that sound, to hold different views, rather than consensus. Obtained a large number of gas, had no choice but to keep in glass bottles mounted on a stand-by.
In April 1799 of the day, Tony came to David Doss of the laboratory, see the system has a lot of nitrous oxide, said happily: "ah, yes, your work is very pleased with the ... ..." Tony praised David Doss The words have not yet finished, he turned a careless hand on the ground floor of a glass bottle smashed across sub.
David hurriedly looked around, broke the bottle of nitrous oxide is loaded, Mangwen: "It does not matter in hand?"
"Never. I'm sorry, I am your labor lost." Meadows said, picking shellfish broken glass.
"Nothing, I am going to trial, would like to see this person on the gas What does it mean, this way also to save me ... ... cork" David's words have not yet finished, Tony Adams and more abnormal Look up panic.
"Ha, ha, ha ... ..." always been cool, eccentric, a serious Banzhuomiankong almost the whole day of the Tony Meadows, all of a sudden today, laughing, "David, Ha, ha, ha ... ... My hands are a little pain, ... Ha, ha, ha ... "" Ha, ha, ha ... ... "in a panic just yet David is also a sudden laugh," really hurt? ... Ha, ha, ha ... "
The two scientists laughter, alerted the laboratory next door. They came to see one, they all thought had neuropathy. Kuang Xiao, and so on for a while, the two sides gradually clear. Tony Adams has been more than cut through the glass finger pain that Kuang Xiao nitrous oxide not only they but also the multi-Tony Adams hand I do not know of narcotic pain.
Soon after, David is suffering from dental problems, we have invited dentists Dehn Ossetia Pat Adams homes. Doctors decided his bad tooth pulled out. At that time, there was not any anesthetic, the doctor forcibly teeth to pull down, David painful sweating all over. At this time, he suddenly reminded of what happened long ago - more than Tony Adams cut through the hand, can be heard and that the nitrous oxide after it did not feel a little pain. As a result, he quickly took the bottle of nitrous oxide with even a few smoke as a result, he laughed, at the same time feel a toothache.
After further study, confirmed that David nitrous oxide Kuangxiao not only make the people, but also a certain narcotic effect. David was on the air that took the name of the image of a laughing gas.
David will be laughing gas on the results of research into the "chemical and philosophical studies", the immediate sensation throughout Europe. Surgeons who have used nitrous oxide anesthesia to do so have been full of ear-piercing cries of the operating room, filled with a laugh. Patients are suffering more than the light.
David found that nitrous oxide, as young as 21 years old. Since then, he has become famous for Europe's young scientists.
Later, David continued to engage in scientific research, first of all, making the metal potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, boron and non-metallic barium, also invented the miner's safety lamp used. Mankind has made a great contribution.
【摘要】 目的 建立测定头孢匹胺中的残留溶剂含量的方法。方法 采用气相色谱法，用涂渍PEG�20M的填充柱,N2为载气，柱温100 ℃，以正丁醇为内标物，FID检测。结果 丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺分别在进样量0.500～2.000 μg、0.041～0.164 μg和0.088～0.352 μg范围内, 与相应溶剂峰/内标峰的面积比值线性关系良好(r分别为0.9997、0.9994和0.9999), 丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺的平均回收率分别为101.0%、97.7%和100.4%，重复进样峰面积RSD分别为0.31%、1.28%和0.73%（n=5）。结论 所建立的方法专属性好，简便准确，可用于检测头孢匹胺中的残留溶剂。
【关键词】 气相色谱法 头孢匹胺 残留溶剂 丙酮 乙腈 二甲基甲酰胺
Abstract:Objective To establish a method for content determination of the residual solvents in cefpiramide. Methods The analysis was performed on a column coated by PEG�20M under the column temperature of 100 ℃, with N2 as carrier gas. Results The standard curves of acetone, acetonitrile and N,N�dimethylformamide were linear within the ranges of 0.500～2.000 μg, 0.041～0.164 μg and 0.088～0.352 μg(r=0.9997, 0.9994 and 0.9999), respectively. The average recoveries of acetone, acetonitrile and N,N�dimethylformamide were 101.1%, 97.7% and 100.4%, while the RSD for replications were 0.31%,1.28% and 0.73%（n=5）,respectively. Conclusion The method is specific, simple and accurate for the quality control cefpiramide raw materials.
Key words: GC; cefpiramide; residual solvent; acetone; acetonitril; N,N�dimethylformamide
头孢匹胺（cefpiramide）是第三代头孢菌素类广谱抗生素，可进一步加工成钠盐或直接用于临床,对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及厌氧菌均有强大的抗菌活力，对β�内酰胺酶稳定性好，有良好的临床价值〔1〕。由于各厂生产的头孢匹胺采用工艺和使用的溶剂不同，因而残留溶剂的种类也有所不同，需分别研究出适合的方法进行准确测定。本研究基于广州白云山化学制药厂生产的头孢匹胺产品，其生产过程中使用到国际协调组织（ICH）规定的二类溶剂乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺，以及三类溶剂丙酮,应在质量标准中加以监控。已有文献〔2-3〕报道类似品种头孢匹胺钠中残留溶剂的测定方法，但由于被测残留溶剂种类不同而不可直接引用。本文报道的气相色谱法，专属性强，能在同一次试验中同时测定3种溶剂的含量，无需程序升温，方法简便准确。
1 仪器与试药
岛津GC�14A气相色谱仪；大连依利特公司产的涂渍PEG�20M的填充玻璃柱（3.2 mm×2 m）。丙酮和二甲基甲酰胺对照品（均为分析纯试剂，含量100.0%），乙腈对照品（为色谱纯试剂，含量100.0%），头孢匹胺原料由广州白云山化学制药厂提供，高纯度氮气由广州气体厂生产。
2 方法与结果
2.1 色谱条件与测定法
用涂渍PEG�20M的填充玻璃柱，以氮气为载气，流量10 mL/min,进样口温度210 ℃，柱温100 ℃，氢火焰离子化检测器温度250 ℃。
称取正丁醇适量，加水制成50 μg/mL的溶液，作为内标液。精密称取丙酮对照品约100 mg、乙腈对照品约8 mg和二甲基甲酰胺对照品约18 mg置100 mL量瓶中，加内标液溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀，作为对照品溶液。精密称取头孢匹胺供试品约1 g，置具塞试管中，准确加入内标液5 mL，强力振摇5 min，过滤，取续滤液作为供试品溶液。分别精密量取对照品溶液和供试品溶液1 μL，注入气相色谱仪，记录色谱图，用内标法以峰面积计算。
2.2 色谱参数、检测限和定量限
头孢匹胺供试品溶液的色谱图见图1，丙酮、乙腈、正丁醇（内标）和二甲基甲酰胺峰柱效分别为850、800、600和1 000，拖尾系数分别为1.4、1.2、1.3和1.3, 丙酮与乙腈、乙腈与正丁醇及正丁醇与二甲基甲酰胺峰之间分离度分别为3.9、2.8和7.7。丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺的检测限（信噪比3∶1）分别为1 ng、0.5 ng和0.5 ng,定量限（信噪比10∶1）分别为2 ng、1 ng和2 ng。
a.丙酮;b.乙腈;c.正丁醇;d.二甲基甲酰胺
图1 头孢匹胺中的残留溶剂气相色谱图（略）
Fig.1 GC Chromatograms of the residual solvents in the raw materials
2.3 精密度试验
取对照品溶液重复进样5次，测得丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺峰面积与内标峰面积比的RSD分别为0.31%、1.28%和0.73%。同一份均匀样品，在不同仪器、不同操作者条件下测得3份结果，算出丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺含量结果重现性分别为1.5%、1.9%和1.7%。
2.4 线性关系与范围
分别精密称取丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺对照品, 按“2.1”项方法分别用内标溶液定量配制并稀释成质量浓度分别为丙酮500、750、1 000、1 500 μg/mL，乙腈41、61.5、82、123、164 μg/mL和二甲基甲酰胺88、132、176、264、352 μg/mL的溶液，各准确进样1 μL测定，结果进样量（m)与待测溶剂峰面积/内标峰面积比值（A）的线性回归方程分别为：丙酮 A1=9.4826m1-0.2456（r=0.9997）,乙腈 A2=13.4495m2+0.03646（r=0.9994）,二甲基甲酰胺 A3=4.3421m3+0.0094（r=0.9999）；丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺的进样量测定范围分别为0.500～2.000 μg、0.041～0.164 μg和0.088～0.352 μg。
2.5 回收率试验
按“2.1”项方法, 分别用内标液配制对照品溶液,供试品溶液，以及丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺的浓度均相当于对照品溶液的80%、100%和120%的供试品加对照品溶液各3份, 依法进样测定, 算出丙酮、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺的加样回收结果如下：
丙酮：100.1%、104.6%、100.5%、101.4%、102.9%、99.3%、100.0%、99.3%和100.8%，平均101.0%（RSD 1.75%）。
乙腈：97.1%、97.5%、96.1%、99.8%、96.6%、96.3%、99.0%、99.2%和97.9%，平均97.7%（RSD 1.40%）。
二甲基甲酰胺:101.2%、99.3%、100.8%、102.8%、101.4%、99.6%、99.3%、98.6%和101.0%，平均100.4%（RSD 1.32%）。
2.6 样品测定
按“2.1”项方法分别测定头孢匹胺样品3批，测得其丙酮含量分别为：0.015%、0.013%和0.011%；乙腈含量分别为0.013%、0.011%和0.010%；二甲基甲酰胺含量分别为0.005%、0.002%、0.001%,均符合ICH建议的限度（0.5%、0.041%和0.088%）。
3 讨论
3.1 3种溶剂均有很好的水溶性，头孢匹胺样品加水强力振摇后形成极细微颗粒的混悬液，能保证残留溶剂的溶出。
3.2 二甲基甲酰胺为较高沸点的溶剂，其水溶液难以采用顶空进样法测定，且二甲基甲酰胺直接进样对毛细管柱伤害较大，因而选用填充柱直接进样法。
3.3 本试验采用恒定柱温条件下测定有利于测定稳定性，采用内标法有利于减少进样操作的误差。
3.4 以上试验表明，本气相色谱法专属性强，能在恒定柱温条件下同时测定3种残留溶剂的含量，方法快捷准确，可用于头孢匹胺残留溶剂的监控。
【参考文献】
〔1〕 周乐，王明贵.头孢匹胺的体外抗菌作用〔J〕.中国抗生素杂志，1997，22（4）：275-278.
〔2〕 王喜梅，李晓燕，周海云，等.顶空法测定头孢匹胺钠中的溶剂残留〔J〕.中山大学学报：自然科学版，2004，43（4）：122-124.
〔3〕 李弘韬，杨敏，万江陵，等.顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定头孢匹胺钠中多种有机溶剂残留量〔J〕.药物分析杂志，2005,25（1）：37-39.
〔4〕 国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典：二部〔S〕.北京：化学工业出版社，2005：附录V E和附录VIII P.
Gas chromatography cefpiramide of Residual Solvents
Abstract:Objective To establish a method for content determination of the residual solvents in cefpiramide. Methods The analysis was performed on a column coated by PEG�20M under the column temperature of 100 ℃, with N2 as carrier gas. Results The standard curves of acetone, acetonitrile and N,N�dimethylformamide were linear within the ranges of 0.500～2.000 μg, 0.041～0.164 μg and 0.088～0.352 μg(r=0.9997, 0.9994 and 0.9999), respectively. The average recoveries of acetone, acetonitrile and N,N�dimethylformamide were 101.1%, 97.7% and 100.4%, while the RSD for replications were 0.31%,1.28% and 0.73%（n=5）,respectively. Conclusion The method is specific, simple and accurate for the quality control cefpiramide raw materials.
Key words: GC; cefpiramide; residual solvent; acetone; acetonitril; N,N�dimethylformamide
Cefpiramide (cefpiramide) is the third-generation cephalosporins broad-spectrum antibiotics, can be further processed into sodium or directly for clinical, against Gram-positive bacteria, negative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria have a strong anti-bacterial viability of β � lactamase stability, a good clinical value of [1]. Since the plant produced cefpiramide using the solvent process and the use of different types of residual solvents and therefore also different, to be developed were suitable for accurate determination of the method. In this study, the Guangzhou-based pharmaceutical production Baiyunshan cefpiramide of products used in the production process to the international coordination organization (ICH) provides the second-class solvent acetonitrile and dimethylformamide, as well as three types of solvent C ketones, should be to monitor quality standards. Literature [2-3] reported similar cefpiramide sodium varieties in the determination of residual solvents, but because of the different types of residual solvents under test can not be directly quoted. In this paper, the gas chromatography, specific, able to experiment with a simultaneous determination of three kinds of solvent content, no TPD method is simple and accurate.
1 apparatus with the test drug
GC � 14A Shimadzu gas chromatograph; Dalian, according to the company produced little coating of PEG � 20M-filled glass column (3.2 mm × 2 m). Acetone and dimethyl formamide reference substance (both分析纯reagents, content 100.0%), acetonitrile reference substance (for chromatography pure reagents, content 100.0%), raw materials from cefpiramide chemical Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain pharmaceutical companies to offer high-purity nitrogen gas production from Guangzhou.
2 Methods and results
2.1 Determination of chromatographic conditions
Coating with PEG � 20M filling glass column with nitrogen as carrier gas, flow rate 10 mL / min, injection port temperature 210 ℃, and the column temperature was 100 ℃, hydrogen flame ionization detector temperature 250 ℃.
Check that n-butanol amount made by adding water to 50 μg / mL of the solution, as the internal standard solution. Said reference substance from acetone precision of about 100 mg, about 8 mg acetonitrile reference substance and reference substance dimethylformamide home about 18 mg in 100 mL量瓶, plus the internal standard solution dissolved and diluted to calibration, shake, solution as a reference substance. Precision said cefpiramide for taking samples of about 1 g, buy a plug in in vitro and accurate internal standard solution by adding 5 mL, a strong振摇5 min, filter, filtrate added check for the test materials as a solution. Precision reference substance, respectively, the volume of solution taken for the sample solution and 1 μL, into the gas chromatograph, record chromatogram using internal standard method to calculate peak area.
2.2 Chromatographic parameters, detection limit and limit of quantification
Cefpiramide sample solution for HPLC are shown in Figure 1, acetone, acetonitrile, n-butanol (internal standard) and dimethylformamide peaks were 850,800,600 column efficiency and 1 000, tailing factor 1.4,1.2,1.3 and 1.3, respectively, acetone and acetonitrile, acetonitrile and n-butanol and n-butanol and dimethylformamide peak separation between 3.9,2.8 and 7.7, respectively. Acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide the detection limit (signal to noise ratio 3:1) were 1 ng, 0.5 ng and 0.5 ng, limit of quantification (signal to noise ratio 10:1) were 2 ng, 1 ng and 2 ng.
a. acetone; b. acetonitrile; c. n-butanol; d. Dimethylformamide
Figure 1 cefpiramide of residual solvents by gas chromatography (abbreviated)
Fig.1 GC Chromatograms of the residual solvents in the raw materials
Precision 2.3
Reference substance solution from sample to repeat 5 times, measured acetone, acetonitrile and dimethyl formamide and the internal standard peak area ratio of peak area RSD were 0.31%, 1.28% and 0.73%. With a homogeneous sample, in different instruments, different operators measured under the conditions of 3 results, calculated acetone, acetonitrile and dimethyl formamide content of the results of reproducibility were 1.5%, 1.9% and 1.7% respectively.
2.4 Linear relations and the scope of
Precision that were taken acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide reference substance, according to "2.1" method of internal standard solution were prepared and diluted into quantitative concentration of acetone 500,750,1 000,1 500 μg / mL, acetonitrile 41,61.5,82,123,164 μg / mL and dimethylformamide 88,132,176,264,352 μg / mL of the solution, the accurate determination of 1 μL sample, the results of Jin sample volume (m) with the test solvent peak area / internal standard peak area ratio (A) of the linear regression equation are as follows: acetone A1 = 9.4826m1-0.2456 (r = 0.9997), acetonitrile A2 = 13.4495m2 +0.03646 (r = 0.9994), dimethylformamide A3 = 4.3421m3 +0.0094 (r = 0.9999); acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide Determination of sample size in the range of 0.500 ~ 2.000 μg, 0.041 ~ 0.164 μg and 0.088 ~ 0.352 μg.
2.5 recovery test
According to "2.1" option, the internal standard solution were prepared with reference substance solution for the sample solution, as well as acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide are equivalent to the concentration of reference substance solution of 80%, 100% and 120% of the reference substance for the test materials plus 3 copies of each solution, measured in accordance with the law injection, calculated acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide of sample recovery results are as follows:
Acetone: 100.1%, 104.6%, 100.5%, 101.4%, 102.9%, 99.3%, 100.0%, 99.3% and 100.8%, with an average 101.0% (RSD 1.75%).
Acetonitrile: 97.1%, 97.5%, 96.1%, 99.8%, 96.6%, 96.3%, 99.0%, 99.2% and 97.9%, an average of 97.7% (RSD 1.40%).
Dimethylformamide: 101.2%, 99.3%, 100.8%, 102.8%, 101.4%, 99.6%, 99.3%, 98.6% and 101.0%, with an average 100.4% (RSD 1.32%).
2.6 sample
According to "2.1" Methods of determination of sample cefpiramide 3 batches get acetone content measured are as follows: 0.015%, 0.013% and 0.011%; acetonitrile content of 0.013%, 0.011% and 0.010%; dimethoxy Formamide-based content of 0.005%, 0.002%, 0.001%, are in line with the proposed limits of ICH (0.5%, 0.041% and 0.088%).
3 discussions
3.1 are three kinds of very good water-soluble solvent, cefpiramide samples by adding water to form a very strong振摇fine particles after the suspension, to ensure the dissolution of residual solvents.
Dimethylformamide 3.2 for high boiling point solvent, the aqueous solution difficult to headspace sampling method, and dimethyl formamide sample directly into a greater harm to the capillary column, thus selected column direct injection method .
3.3 Test the use of a constant column temperature measured under the conditions of stability conducive to the determination, using internal standard method helps to reduce the sampling error of operation.
Experiments show that more than 3.4, the gas chromatography specific, in the constant column temperature measured at the same time under the condition of three kinds of residual solvent content, faster and more accurate method for residual solvents cefpiramide monitoring.
【References】
[1] ZHOU Le,王明贵. Cefpiramide in vitro [J]. Chinese Journal of Antibiotics, 1997,22 (4) :275-278.
[2] Xi-Mei Wang, LI Xiao-yan, ZHOU Hai-yun, et al. Headspace Determination of sodium cefpiramide of residual solvents in the [J]. Sun Yat-sen University: Natural Science, 2004,43 (4) :122-124.
[3] Lee弘韬, Yang, Jiangling Wan, et al. Headspace solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatography cefpiramide sodium residues in a variety of organic solvents [J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2005,25 (1 ) :37-39.
[4] National Pharmacopoeia Committee. People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia: 2 [S]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2005: Appendix VE and Appendix VIII P.
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绛旓細銆3銆 鏉庡紭闊,鏉ㄦ晱,涓囨睙闄,绛.椤剁┖鍥虹浉寰悆鍙-姘旂浉鑹茶氨娉曟祴瀹氬ご瀛㈠尮鑳洪挔涓绉嶆湁鏈烘憾鍓傛畫鐣欓噺銆擩銆.鑽墿鍒嗘瀽鏉傚織,2005,25(1):37-39. 銆4銆 鍥藉鑽吀濮斿憳浼.涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥借嵂鍏:浜岄儴銆擲銆.鍖椾含:鍖栧宸ヤ笟鍑虹増绀,2005:闄勫綍V E鍜岄檮褰昖III P.Gas chromatography cefpiramide of Residual SolventsAbstract:Objecti...
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绛旓細姹傞珮涓鍖栧瀹為獙鏂归潰鐭ヨ瘑鐨勪竴浜涘綊绾,鎸傞挬楂樿,楂樺垎! 1.鎵鏈夊父瑙佹皵浣撶殑瀹為獙瀹ゅ埗娉(楂樹腑)2.鎵鏈夊父瑙佺殑"瀹為獙鎿嶄綔,瑁呯疆"閿欒(楂樹腑)3.鎵鏈夊帹鎴垮父鐢ㄥ寲瀛︾敤鍝佸強鍏朵織绉,浠ュ強浠栦滑鍙兘琚冨療浠涔鏂归潰鐨鐭ヨ瘑(楂樹腑)100鍒嗘斁杩欎簡,... 1.鎵鏈夊父瑙佹皵浣撶殑瀹為獙瀹ゅ埗娉(楂樹腑)2.鎵鏈夊父瑙佺殑"瀹為獙鎿嶄綔,瑁呯疆"閿欒(楂樹腑)3.鎵鏈夊帹鎴垮父鐢...
绛旓細1銆侀鍏堬紝鏋勫瀷涓庢瀯璞￠兘鏄珛浣鍖栧姒傚康銆傚叾娆★紝鏋勫瀷鍙互浜х敓绔嬩綋鍖栧寮傛瀯锛屼妇渚嬭岃█锛岄『-2-涓佺儻涓庡弽-2-涓佺儻鏄竴瀵圭珛浣撳紓鏋勪綋锛屽畠浠殑鏈澶у樊鍒湪浜庡伓鏋佺煩銆傚墠鑰呭伓鏋佺煩涓烘锛屽悗鑰呭伓鏋佺煩涓0銆傛瀯鍨嬪紓鏋勫湪鐢熺墿鍖栧涓崰鏈夐潪甯搁噸瑕佺殑鍦颁綅锛孼E寮傛瀯锛孯S寮傛瀯閮芥瀬澶х殑褰卞搷鐫鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍖栧鎬ц川銆傜劧鍚庯紝鏋勮薄鎸囷細鐢变簬鍗...
绛旓細鑻熀鏄繃鍘荤殑鎻愭硶,鐜板湪閮戒笉璁や负鑻熀鏄畼鑳藉洟瀹樿兘鍥:鏄寚鍐冲畾鍖栧悎鐗鍖栧鐗规х殑鍘熷瓙鎴栧師瀛愬洟. 鎴栫О鍔熻兘鍥傚崵绱犲師瀛愩佺緹鍩恒侀啗鍩恒佺晶鍩恒佺鍩,浠ュ強涓嶉ケ鍜岀儍涓墍鍚湁纰崇⒊鍙岄敭鍜岀⒊纰冲弫閿瓑閮芥槸瀹樿兘鍥,瀹樿兘鍥㈠湪鏈夋満鍖栧涓叿鏈変互涓5涓鏂归潰鐨浣滅敤銆1.鍐冲畾鏈夋満鐗╃殑绉嶇被 鏈夋満鐗╃殑鍒嗙被渚濇嵁鏈夌粍鎴愩佺⒊閾俱佸畼鑳藉洟鍜屽悓绯荤墿绛...
绛旓細1.n(c)=n(CO2锛=4.47g/44g/ml=10.2 n(H)=2n(H2O)=1.92g/18g/mol=21.3 鍓╀綑鐨勪负O銆傚彲寰桟: H : O=1:2:1 鎵浠ユ渶绠寮忥紙瀹為獙寮忥級锛欳H2O M锛坸)=60 鈭磋鍒嗗瓙寮忔槸C2H4O2 2.锛1锛塁H2-CO-COCH3 (2)CH3CH2COOH \ CH3CO-CH2OH杩樻湁HCOOCH2CH3(鏈変笁绉嶏級3.鏈3绉嶏紝鎴戞鍦...
绛旓細缇庡浗濂虫牳绉戝瀹禗arleane Hoffman璁や负,浣滀负鏍哥瀛︾殑鍏堥┍鑰呯殑鑾夋辰路杩堢壒绾充箣鎵浠ヨ兘鏈夎繖鏍风殑鎴愬氨,鍏跺師鍥犱箣涓鏄ス鏃㈡槸鐗╃悊瀛﹀鍙堟槸鍖栧瀹, 濂规棦鍒╃敤鐗╃悊鍙堝埄鐢ㄥ寲瀛︺傚ス鍋囪閬:Emilio segre鏈簲褰撳彂鐜扮涓涓秴閾鍏冪礌闀,濡傛灉浠栦笉鏄己灏戣冻澶熺殑鍖栧鐭ヨ瘑鑰屾妸23993閿欒浣滅█鍦熷厓绱犵殑璇;涓庢鐩镐技,Enrico Fermi鏈簲璇ュ彂鐜拌鍙,...
