跪求一篇电大药学专业毕业论文~ 跪求一篇大专商务英语专业的毕业论文！
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As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques. It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing. In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr. I Have a Dream.
1. Introduction: Definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis
As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways. Wales defines stylistics simply as \u201c the study of style\u201d (1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as \u201cthe study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation\u201d and takes \u201ca view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two\u201d (1975:3). Leech holds a similar view. He defines stylistics as the \u201cstudy of the use of language in literature\u201d (1969:1) and considers stylistics a \u201cmeeting-ground of linguistics and literary study\u201d(1969:2). From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.
Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text; that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message. This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Halliday points out, \u201cThe text may be seen as \u2018this\u2019 in contrast with \u2018that\u2019, with another poem or another novel; stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature\u2026\u201d(1971:341). On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday. He says\uff1a\u201cAll literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general\u201d (1975:84). Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.
2. Related Information of the Speech I HAVE A DREAM and Its Author
Martin Luther King, jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of a clergyman and the grandson of a slave. After attending several colleges he received his Ph. D. in theology from Boston University in 1955. He led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955-1956. As president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he then led civil rights demonstrations in many cities. In 1963 he helped organize the march on Washington, which brought together more than 200,000 people. A leader in establishing a nonviolent civil rights movement, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1964. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968, shortly before his fortieth birthday. Since then, he has become an American folk hero, and on November 2, 1983, a law honoring Dr. King was signed by President Rigan, effective January 1986, making the third Monday of January a national holiday. He is the only U. S. citizen other than George Washington to be recognized in this way.
In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the United States. One hundred years after this decree was signed, however, the life of blacks was still \u201csadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the Chains discrimination.\u201d On August 28, 1963, a quarter of million people of all races came to Washington, D. C., to show their support for freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that demonstration, Martin Luther King, jr. delivered this famous speech I HAVE A DREAM, widely regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people\u2019s dreams and aspirations ever made. In his speech, Dr. King told the world, \u201cI have a dream\u201d that equality would come \u201cto all of God\u2019s children.\u201d He said he wanted everyone to be able to \u201cjoin hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, \u2018Free at last! Free at last!\u2026\u2019\u201d
3. A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech (An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech)
Martin Luther King\u2019s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States. Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care. It is an example of formal English with a convincing style. Here are some of the stylistic devices (which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices) used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.
3.1 Repetition:
Throughout the speech, Dr. King repeats words and sentence. This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition. It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity. The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence (Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious. Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable. In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words \u201cI have a dream\u201d nine times. This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker\u2019s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God\u2019s children.
If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.
\u2460 But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro.
[next]
\u2461 is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.
Here the phrase \u201cone hundred years later\u201d has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.
\u2461But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation. (Par.4)
the phrase \u201cwe refuse to believe that\u2026\u201d has been used twice to indicate the speaker\u2019s good hope.
\u2462 Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God\u2019s Children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. (Par.4)
In this short passage, the clause \u201cNow is the time to\u2026\u201d has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of \u201cNOW\u201d and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.
Other examples of repetition can still be easily found throughout the speech. In par. 7, the words \u201cwe can never/cannot be satisfied as long as\u2026\u201d has been used as many as five times to show the determination and persistence of the black people; in par. 17, the words \u201cwith the faith we will be able to\u2026\u201d has been repeated twice for the purpose of showing how strong the faith of the black people is to struggle for the brotherhood of \u201call of God\u2019s children\u201d, and how strong the faith of the black people is to believe that they \u201cwill be free one day\u201d. Now let\u2019s enjoy another example.
\u2463And if America is to be a GREat nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire! Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!
Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!
But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city\u2026 (Paragraphs 19 through 25)
the words \u201cLet Freedom ring\u2026\u201d has been repeated as many as nine times to indicate that it is the whole of the United States rather than any part of it that should be bathed in the sunshine of freedom.
3.2 Use of Parallelism
Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity. It means exact repetition in equivalent positions. It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it \u201crequires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are \u2018parallel\u2019 with respect to their position in the pattern\u201d(Leech, 1969:66). To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal. To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.
In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas. Here are few examples:
\u2464\u2026by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination\u2026(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)
\u2465\u201cThis is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.\u201d (Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: \u201cto engage\u2026to take\u2026\u201d)
\u2466\u201cthere will be neither rest nor tranquility in America\u2026\u201d(Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with \u201cneither\u2026nor\u201d)
\u2467\u201cWe shall never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity\u2026\u201d(Par. 7, two parallel verb phrases)
It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp. in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker (or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience. We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King\u2019s speech and classified as is followed:
[next] 3.2.1 parallel nouns:
\u2468This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. (Par. 3, three parallel nouns as attributive)
\u24691963 is not an end, but a beginning (Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with \u201cnot\u2026but\u2026\u201d)
\u247eAgain and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. (Par. 6)
\u247f\u2026have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. (Par. 6, two pairs of parallel nouns).
\u2480I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment\u2026(Par. 8)
\u2481\u2026a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. (Par. 11, two pairs of parallel nouns).
3.2.2 Parallel noun phrases:
\u2482So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice. (Par. 4)
\u2483I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood (Par. 10)
3.2.3 Parallel infinitive phrases:
\u2484It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. (Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)
\u2485With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (Par. 7, five parallel infinitive phrases).
3.2.4 Parallel prepositional phrases
\u2486I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (Par. 12)
\u2487\u2026, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, \u2026 (Par. 25)
E. Parallel clauses:
(21) \u2026, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and (that) their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom. (Par. 6, two parallel objective clause)
(22) I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough place will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. (Par. 6, six parallel clauses used as appositions of the noun \u201cdream\u201d).
3.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors
As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing. As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the \u201cmetaphoric rule\u201d (1969: 151). That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.
Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors. In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness. The first-\u201ca joyous daybreak\u201d-compares it to the sunrise, which (in this case) ends \u201cthe long night of captivity\u201d. In paragraph 2, he speaks of \u201cthe manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,\u201d comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves. Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.
Now let\u2019s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King\u2019s speech.
(23) One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (Par. 2, metaphors)
(24) But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation (Par.4, metaphors)
(25)This is no time \u2026 to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism. (Par. 4, metaphor)
【论文摘要】药品零售企业是药品流通的最终环节。药品零售与其他零售业一样，受外部环境与内部环境的影响。但药品又具有与其他商品不同的特征，药品关乎生命健康，是政府、公众、舆论的焦点，目前医药卫生改革方向不明确，行业政策层出不穷，药品零售企业全面开放，进入壁垒降低，随着各行业各进军医药售药业引发的竞争，药店的赢利空间越来越小，企业为生存及其他目的而选择了多元化经营，多元化经营的涉及面越来越广。本文就目前药店实施多元化经营进行分析，提出对药品经营的一些个人的看法。
【论文关键词】药品零售企业；竞争；经营；多元化
药品零售企业是直接面对最终消费者(患者)的商品流通环节，也是药品流通的最终环节。药品零售业与其他零售业一样，从宏观上看，其生存与发展受政治法律、宏观经济、消费者需求、市场竞争等因素影响，而在微观上，又受商品、价格、服务、选址、广告与促销、店铺设计与商品陈列等要素影响。这些影响因素是零售经营者制定经营战略与营销策略的重要前提。目前的零售市场情况，我国非处方药品种已经基本能满足自我药疗需要，零售终端扩张速度在加快，药品数量增加，利润空间变小，行业竞争激烈，导致药店多元化经营成了一种趋势。本文就目前药店实施多元化经营进行分析，提出对药店经营的一些个人看法。
1分析药品零售企业的现状
1．1从外部环境分析
从外部环境分析来看，药品零售企业受到了如下方面的影响：
1．1．1相关的政策
国家近年对药品行业的整顿，对药品实行多次降价，处方药销售的规范化，医院药品开始被迫逐渐降价，GSP认证到期，重新认证。这些对药品零售企业来说都是压力。
1．1．2行业内的竞争
药店零售行业进入的壁垒较低，准入条件低，而国外资本和业外资本也不断地在进入药品零售业；此外，大型连锁药店通过兼并重组、异地开店，从区域性连锁不断走向全国性连锁，医药连锁零售市场的集中度不断提高，也造成了行业问的竞争愈来愈激烈，以价格形式为竞争的焦点，造成药品零售药价下跌，使企业利润空间明显下降。
1．1．3从顾客需求来看
药品零售企业以销售非处方药、保健药品为主，主体消费者是普通老百姓，对价格很敏感，讨价还价能力较强。此外，随着人们自我保健意识提高，对药店的服务要求也在不断提高。
1．2从企业内部分析
从企业的内部来分析，对企业发展的影响主要有以下几方面：
1．2．1人员素质不高
药店的主要从业人员具有执业药师资格的少，相应由药师、从业药师、驻店药师等来充当执业药师，承担执业药师的工作。提高从业人员的专业水平和综合素质，是企业提高竞争力和顾客安全用药的需要。这使用人的成本将会比原来增加3～5倍。
1．2．2药品经营的战略变化不大，企业间经营的战略没有明显差异。
1．2．3单体药店及中、小型的连锁药店的内部管理水平低下，管理不规范，阻碍了企业向高层次发展。目前的药品零售企业的发展方向分为两类：一是主张专业化经营发展，二是主张多元化经营发展。现在很多企业分别正在尝试运用这二种经营战略，以求得在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地。
2药品零售的企业多元化经营
所谓多元化经营是指企业在现有业务领域基础上增加新的产品或业务经营战略。很多现有业务领域之间的关联程度，又可以把多元化战略分为相关多元化与不相关多元化两种类型。从战略管理的角度来说，企业实施多元化经营可以实现范围经济、分散经营风险、增强竞争力量。
2．1国外企业的多元化经营情况
全球药店经营模式大可分为两类：以美国的和日本代表的多元化经营以及以德国和瑞典为代表的专业化经营。美国和欧洲多数国家的医药连锁店全部是多元化经营，以药品为主，兼营与健康相关产品和其他日用品，将医药连锁店的平均毛利从28．3％提升到32％左右。
美国药店以“健康美丽产品专卖店”的概念为主旨，其核心商品分三大类：处方药、非处方药、美容护理及保健用品。其商品种类繁多，也是受美国人口郊区化和零售业集中、大而全趋势的影响，符合人们“一站购足”的新观念。
2．2国内药品零售企业实施多元化情况分析
我国药品多元化经营源于美国，国内最早试行是海王星辰健康药房，其经营项目除药品外先是有护肤品、日用品等，后引进香港靓晒店，在药店内推出冲印照片业务。继后，我国药品零售企业纷纷效仿。
从目前药品零售企业多元化经营的情况分析：
2．2．1按形式分为
相关多元化和不相关多元化：①相关多元化经营：药妆、保健品、护理品、医疗器械等与健康状况有较大相关性的商品，这是大多数药品零售企业采用的经营战略。②不相关多元化经营：婴幼儿用品、医药图书、眼镜、洗衣、休闲、冲印、超市、食品市场。比较典型的是北京嘉事堂连锁大胆地尝试了“大健康”的概念，涵盖了婴幼儿用品、化妆品、保健食品、护理品、医药图书、眼镜等多个领域，具备独特个性的产品结构，使其傲然屹立于京城药店零售市场。
2．2．2按经营的主观性分为
有意识实施多元化和无意识实施多元化：①有意识实施多元化——中国药品零售企业多元化经营的先驱者：海王星辰，主要是学习了海外药品零售企业多元化经营的模式，有意识、有计划地实施，从根本上改变经营理念，经过周密的准备后进行的。②无意识实施多元化——有的企业是在经营过程中不自觉地、无意识地开始了多元化经营。如江苏百佳惠连锁有限公司，其“多元化”就在不经意间形成了“多元化”成为“百佳惠”的特色。
2．2．3按定位是否明确分为
有明确定位和无明确定位：①有明确定位。以鲜明的定位，实施企业的多元化经营战略。如重庆和平大药房将连锁药店定位为4种类型，即中心旗舰店、繁华区域药妆店、超市店中店、社区便利店。其中心旗舰店倡导“健康+美丽”。繁华区域药妆店把专柜与开架相结合，超市店中店突出“健康”的概念，社区店以便利店模式经营。②无明确定位。这种药店涉足多元化经营，源于经济效益不明确或亏损的药店。笔者曾到过市内的一间药店，其将原约80m的店面，改为日杂小超市，而经营药店占用面积只有不到30m2的区域，外面店面的招牌还是药店，但已经名不符实了。
2．3我国药店多元化存在问题
通过发析认为，我国现有的药品零售企业实施多元化主要存在如下问题：
2．3．1成本问题过高
多元化的项目、产品的主观引人，规模不大，无法分摊管理成本、采购多元化的商品来源以及批量小导致的成本高，流动资金压力、单位货柜营业额等问题。需要增加产品销售或增加服务项目都必须投入资金，总体成本明显增加。
2．3．2定位不明
盲目选择多元化经营项目和商品种类组合，近年来，药店的多元化尝试有食品、日用品、化妆品和各种便民服务等等，以目前多元化经营从集客效果、多元化商品销售业绩和对药品(保健品)销售促进等回报来看，要面对全新的、更为激烈复杂的快速消费品销售市场环境，没有显示出有特色和清晰的定位。经营项目和商品品类组合上内在消费关联程度不高，未能形成连锁超市中常见的主销商品和关联商品之间的互动关系，没有强化目标顾客群需求的分析。
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绛旓細and gradually narrow or even eliminate the generation gap; contribute to help children and teachers to establish a good relationship between teachers and students, and students to establish a good peer relationships; there help in learning to help students reduce the study burden and pres...
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