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\u6027\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u6027\u53c8\u5178\u578b\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9886\u8896\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00
--
\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u65e2\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5927\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u4eba\u6743\u601d\u60f3\u6240\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c
\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u73b0\u5b9e\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5371\u9669\u3002
\u4e00\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u4eba\u6743\u5bf9\u6297\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b
\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u56e0
1789
\u5e74\u7684
\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b
\u800c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5149\u8f89\u7684
\u4e00\u9875\u3002
\u8fd9\u4efd\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a
18
\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c
\u4ee5\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u4eab\u6709
\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff1b
\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c
\u9882\u626c\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u80fd\u8d77\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c
\u800c\u4e14\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u7684
\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6743\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u6743\u539f\u5219\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\u539f\u5219\uff0c
\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b
\u5c55\u73b0\u7ed9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5b8c\u5168
\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6743\u3001
\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5389\u884c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u56fe\u666f\u3002
\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u63d0\u8d77\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u4e13\u653f\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4
\u5c14\uff0c
\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u8054\u60f3\u7684\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8840\u6d41\u6210\u6cb3\u3001
\u4eba\u6743\u53d7\u5230\u8df5\u8e0f\u7684\u6050\u6016\u666f\u8c61\u3002
\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u4e13\u653f\u548c\u7f57
\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u63a8\u5d07\u548c\u6548\u4eff\uff0c
\u8fd9\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u5b9e\u884c\u4e13\u5236\u6050\u6016\u7edf
\u6cbb\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5370\u8c61\uff0c
\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f7b\u5934\u5f7b\u5c3e\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5c60\u592b\u3002
\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u7684
\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c
\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4ec7\u89c6\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53cd\u800c\u5904\u5904\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u7cbe\u795e\u3002
\u7f57\u4f2f
\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u5728\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u6027\u8d28\u3001
\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u3001
\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u7531\u3001
\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5145\u5206\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u4eba\u6743
\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u89c1\u3002
\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u8ba9\u4eba\u6c11\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4ee5\u4eba\u6743\u6765\u5bf9\u6297\u7834\u574f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u7684
\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
[2]
\uff08
P51
\uff09\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u6743\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e
\u5426\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6309\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u548c\u66b4\u8650\u7684
:
\u5b83\u4e0d
\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002
[2]
\uff08
P137
\uff09\u5728\u5176\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91cd\u7533\u4e86
1789
\u5e74\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d
\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u5728
1789
\u5e74\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6
\u81ea\u5df1\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u91cd\u65b0\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u5ba3\u8a00\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd
1793
\u5e74\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u84dd
\u672c\u3002
\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4eba\u6743\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u5927\u654c\u4eba\uff0c
\u56e0\u6b64\u6781\u529b\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u9650
\u5236\u3002
绛旓細1銆佹槬绉嬫椂鏈熼綈鍥界浠叉敼闈 鈶犲唴瀹癸細鏀归潻鍐呮斂锛屽彂灞曠敓浜э紝鏀归潻鍐涘埗 鈶＄粨鏋滐細浣块綈鍥藉己鐩涳紝榻愭鍏‘绔嬮湼涓氥2銆佸叕鍏冨墠356骞达紝绉﹀浗鍟嗛瀰鍙樻硶 璇勪环锛氣憼浠ユ硶寰嬪舰寮忓簾闄や簡浜曠敯鍒讹紝纭浜嗗皝寤哄湡鍦扮鏈夊埗銆傚簾闄や簡濂撮毝涓昏吹鏃忕殑涓栬鐗规潈锛屼績杩涗簡灏佸缓缁忔祹鐨勫彂灞曪紝鍔犲己浜嗘柊鍏村湴涓婚樁绾х殑涓ぎ闆嗘潈鍒跺害 鈶＄Е鍥介愭笎寮哄ぇ锛屼负鍚庢潵绉...
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绛旓細鏈熺▼搴﹁緝杞汇傝繍鍔ㄦ寚鍦ㄦ煇涓浠朵簨鎯呬笂锛屽織鍚岄亾鍚堢殑浜鸿仛闆嗚捣鏉ワ紝鍚戠ぞ浼氬彂澹帮紝琛ㄦ槑鑷繁鐨勬兂娉曘2銆佸彉娉曪細鎸囧鍥藉鐨勬硶浠ゅ埗搴﹀仛閲嶅ぇ鐨勫彉闈╋紝浣嗚繕鏈畬鍏ㄦ帹缈讳竴涓浗瀹躲3銆闈╁懡锛氬绀句細鐨勯噸澶ч潻鏂帮紝涓嶉檺浜庢斂娌汇傚寘鎷柟鏂归潰闈4銆佽捣涔夛細鏄潻鍛戒汉姘戜负鍙嶆姉鍙嶅姩缁熸不鑰屼妇琛岀殑姝﹁鏆村姩锛屼粬灞炰簬闈╁懡鐨勫繀瑕侀樁娈点
绛旓細杈涗亥闈╁懡锛屾柊姘戜富涓讳箟闈╁懡锛屾枃鍖澶ч潻鍛锛屽崄鏈堥潻鍛斤紝绗竴锛岀浜岋紝绗笁娆″伐涓氶潻鍛斤紝灏佸缓鍦熷湴闈╁懡锛屾棫姘戜富涓讳箟闈╁懡锛岃嫳鍥斤紝娉曞浗锛岀編鍥斤紝鏃ユ湰锛屽痉鍥界瓑瑗挎柟璧勪骇闃剁骇闈╁懡
绛旓細澶钩澶╁浗杩愬姩锛氭椽绉鍏ㄩ瀵煎お骞冲啗涓庢竻鏀垮簻鏂椾簤锛岀敱浜庡啘姘戣嚜韬殑灞闄愶紝鍔犱笂娌℃湁绉戝鐨勬寚瀵兼濇兂鍜屽皝寤哄娍鍔涗笌甯濆浗涓讳箟鐨勫嬀缁擄紝鏈缁堝け璐ャ傚畠鎷夊紑鐨勬皯涓讳富涔夌殑寮绔 杈涗亥闈╁懡锛氬瓩涓北棰嗗璧勪骇闃剁骇闈╁懡锛岀敱浜庤祫浜ч樁绾х殑杞急鎬э紝鎶婃荤粺鐨勪綅缃缁欒涓栧嚡锛岃涓栧嚡绐冨彇闈╁懡鑳滃埄鏋滃疄锛岄潻鍛芥渶缁堝け璐ャ傚畠鐨勭Н鏋佹剰涔夋槸鎺ㄧ炕浜...
绛旓細1900骞:鍏浗鑱斿啗渚靛崕 1901骞:涓浗涓庡叓鍥界瀹氥婅緵涓戞潯绾︺嬶紙涓浗瀹屽叏娌︿负鍗婃畺鍗婂皝绀句細锛1905骞:浜紶閾佽矾寮濮嬩慨寤 绉戜妇鍒跺簾闄 鍗楅氬崥鐗╅櫌寤虹珛 绗竴閮ㄦ棤澹扮數褰辨媿鎽勩婂畾鍐涘北銆1911骞:杈涗亥闈╁懡 1912骞:涓崕姘戝浗寤虹珛锛堟皯鍥藉厓骞达級 琚佷笘鍑换涓崕姘戝浗澶ф荤粺 瀹ｇ粺閫浣嶏紙涓ゅ崈澶氬勾灏佸缓鍒跺害缁撴潫锛1918骞:鏂版枃鍖栬繍鍔...
绛旓細绗簩娆闈╁懡鏄腑鍥藉叡浜у厷棰嗗鐨勬柊姘戜富涓讳箟闈╁懡鍜岀ぞ浼氫富涔夐潻鍛斤紝鎺ㄧ炕浜嗗笣鍥戒富涔夈佸皝寤轰富涔夈佸畼鍍氳祫鏈富涔夊湪涓浗鐨勭粺娌伙紝寤虹珛浜嗘柊涓浗锛岀‘绔嬩簡绀句細涓讳箟鍒跺害锛屼负褰撲唬涓浗涓鍒囧彂灞曡繘姝ュ瀹氫簡鏍规湰鏀挎不鍓嶆彁鍜屽埗搴﹀熀纭銆傜涓夋闈╁懡鏄垜浠厷棰嗗鐨勬敼闈╁紑鏀捐繖鍦烘柊鐨勪紵澶ч潻鍛斤紝寮曢涓浗浜烘皯璧颁笂浜嗕腑鍥界壒鑹茬ぞ浼氫富涔夊箍闃旈亾璺紝...
绛旓細鐧炬棩缁存柊锛岃緵浜闈╁懡鍜屾柊姘戜富涓讳箟闈╁懡锛屼箟鍜屽洟杩愬姩 銆侀甫鐗囨垬浜夎繍鍔
绛旓細涓浗鍘嗗彶涓涓夊ぇ闈╁懡杩愬姩鏄姉缇庢彺鏈濓紝鍦熷湴鏀归潻锛岄晣鍘嬪弽闈╁懡銆1銆佹姉缇庢彺鏈濓紝鍙堢О鎶楃編鎻存湞杩愬姩鎴栨姉缇庢彺鏈濇垬浜夛紝鏄20涓栫邯50骞翠唬鍒濈垎鍙戠殑鏈濋矞鎴樹簤鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎锛屼粎鎸囦腑鍥戒汉姘戝織鎰垮啗鍙傛垬鐨勯樁娈碉紝涔熷寘鎷腑鍥戒汉姘戞敮鎻存湞椴滀汉姘戞姉鍑荤編鍥戒镜鐣ョ殑缇や紬鎬ц繍鍔ㄣ1950骞7鏈10鏃ワ紝鈥滀腑鍥戒汉姘戝弽瀵圭編鍥戒镜鐣ュ彴婀炬湞椴滆繍鍔ㄥ鍛樹細鈥濇垚绔嬶紝...
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