美国两次航天飞机失事相隔多少年 美国至今航天飞机爆炸了几个
\u7f8e\u56fd\u822a\u5929\u98de\u673a\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u5931\u4e8b\u4e8b\u4ef6Spaceflight fatalities
The history of space exploration has been marred by a number of tragedies that resulted in the deaths of the astronauts or ground crew. As of 2007, in-flight accidents have killed 18 astronauts, training accidents have claimed 11 astronauts, and launchpad accidents have killed at least 71 ground personnel.[dated info]
About two percent of the manned launch/reentry attempts have killed their crew, with Soyuz and the Shuttle having almost the same death percentage rates. Except for the X-15 (which is a suborbital rocket plane), other launchers have not launched sufficiently often for reasonable safety comparisons to be made.
About five percent of the people that have been launched have died doing so (because astronauts often launch more than once). As of November 2004, 439 individuals have flown on spaceflights: Russia/Soviet Union (96), USA (277), others (66).[citation needed] Twenty-two have died while in a spacecraft: three on Apollo 1, one on Soyuz 1, one on X-15-3, three on Soyuz 11, seven on Challenger, and seven on Columbia. By space program, 18 NASA astronauts (4.1%) and four Russian cosmonauts (0.9% of all the people launched) died while in a spacecraft.[dated info]
In total, Shuttle accidents have claimed the lives of fourteen.
Soyuz accidents have claimed the lives of four. No deaths have occurred on Soyuz missions since 1971, and none with the current design of the Soyuz. Including the early Soyuz design, the average deaths per launched crew member on Soyuz are currently under two percent. However, there have also been several serious injuries, and some other incidents in which crews nearly died.
NASA astronauts who have lost their lives in the line of duty are memorialized at the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. Cosmonauts who have died in the line of duty under the auspices of the Soviet Union were generally honored by burial at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. It is unknown whether this remains tradition for Russia, since the Kremlin Wall Necropolis was largely a Communist honor and no cosmonauts have died in action since the Soviet Union fell.
There have been four fatal in-flight accidents on missions which were considered spaceflights under the internationally accepted definition of the term, plus one on the ground during rehearsal of a planned flight. In each case all crew were killed. To date, there has never been an incident where an individual member of a multi-member crew has died during (or while rehearsing) a mission.
1967 April 24: parachute failure: Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov died on board Soyuz 1. His one-day mission had been plagued by a series of mishaps with the new type of spacecraft, which culminated in the capsule's parachute not opening properly after atmospheric reentry. Komarov was killed when the capsule hit the ground.
1971 June 30: crew exposed to vacuum of space: The crew of Soyuz 11, Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov, were killed after undocking from space station Salyut 1 after a three-week stay. A valve on their spacecraft had accidentally opened when the service module separated, which was only discovered when the module was opened by the recovery team. Technically the only fatalities in space (above 100 km).
1986 January 28: structural failure after lift-off: The first U.S. multiple in-flight fatalities. The Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds after lift-off on STS-51-L. Analysis of the accident showed that a faulty O-ring seal had allowed hot gases from the shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) to weaken the external propellant tank, and also the strut that held the booster to the tank. The tank aft region failed, causing it to begin disintegrating. The SRB strut also failed, causing the SRB to rotate inward and expedite tank breakup. Challenger was thrown sideways into the Mach 1.8 windstream causing it to break up in midair with the loss of all seven crew members aboard: Greg Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Michael J. Smith, and Dick Scobee. NASA investigators determined they may have survived during the spacecraft disintegration, while possibly unconscious from hypoxia; at least some of them tried to protect themselves by activating their emergency oxygen. Any survivors of the breakup were killed, however, when the largely intact cockpit hit the water at 200 mph (320 km/h). See Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
2003 February 1: structural failure during re-entry: The Space Shuttle Columbia was lost as it reentered after a two-week mission, STS-107. Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS) led to structural failure in the shuttle's left wing and, ultimately, the spacecraft broke apart. Investigations after the tragedy revealed the damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge wing panel had resulted from a piece of insulation foam breaking away from the external tank during the launch and hitting shuttle's wing. Rick D. Husband, William McCool, Michael P. Anderson, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel B. Clark, and Ilan Ramon were killed. See Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
There has also been a single accident on a flight which was considered a spaceflight by those involved in conducting it, but not under the internationally accepted definition:
1967 November 15: control failure: Michael J. Adams died while piloting a North American X-15 rocket plane. Major Adams was a U.S. Air Force pilot in the NASA/USAF X-15 program. During X-15 Flight 191, his seventh flight, the plane first had an electrical problem and then developed control problems at the apogee of its flight. The pilot may also have become disoriented. During reentry from a 266,000 ft (50.4 mile, 81.1 km) apogee, the X-15 yawed sideways out of control and went into a spin at a speed of Mach 5, from which the pilot never recovered. Excessive acceleration led to the X-15 breaking up in flight at about 65,000 feet (19.8 km))[1]. Adams was posthumously awarded astronaut wings as his flight had passed an altitude of 50 miles (80.5 km) (the U.S. definition of space).
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美国的这两次航天飞机失事，相隔了差不多17年时间。
1、1986年1月28日，挑战者号在进行代号STS-51-L的第10次太空任务时，因为右侧固态火箭推进器上面的一个O形环失效，并且导致一连串的连锁反应。在升空后73秒时，爆炸解体坠毁。机上的7名宇航员都在该次事故中丧生。
2、2003年2月1日美国东部时间上午9时，美国"哥伦比亚"号航天飞机在得克萨斯州北部上空解体坠毁，7名宇航员全部都遇难。
扩展资料：
失事影响：
挑战者号的失事使美国的航天事业受到沉重打击，航天飞机在以后的3年中停止了飞行。但是，在总结了挑战者号的教训之后，人类对太空的探测仍在继续。从航天飞机恢复飞行至今，已执行了76次飞行任务，包括组建国际空间站。挑战者号的宇航员是人类航天事业的先驱。
哥伦比亚号的失事使得航天飞机为国际空间站运送宇航员和物资这一主要作用也暂时被搁置，太空和军事政策智囊团公司的主任约翰-佩克表示航天飞机本来预计的使命并非仅仅是为国际空间站运送物资，而这却成了主要任务，而且用航天飞机给国际空间站运货成本太高，合计下来每磅货物的运输成本高达2万美元。
航天飞机本来的主要任务有三，分别是NASA进行太空科学实验、发射间谍卫星并为军方测试设备以及为私营企业提供卫星发射服务。当初NASA计划每年进行24次航天飞机发射。但是，NASA实际上发射航天飞机的频率并没达到预计的目标，而且发射成本较之预想高得多。
在这次事故之后，调查人员得出结论认为，每78次发射就有可能出现一次空难 。
而且“挑战者”号航天飞机的爆炸使航天飞机的用途受到压缩。在“挑战者”号空难之后，美国军方重新恢复使用一次性火箭发射卫星。在商业领域，当时的美国总统里根下令NASA放弃商业卫星发射业务。这意味着航天飞机可以执行的任务大大减少。
虽然NASA后来选择用航天飞机发射自己的科研卫星，而且还为“哈勃望远镜”提供太空服务，但是航天飞机在太空中进行各种科研实验的成本却格外高昂。
NASA如果使用一次性火箭向国际空间站运送物资可以大大节约成本而且更加安全，利用一次性火箭不仅成本低得多而且也可以实现相同的目标。此外，航天飞机系统非常复杂，这注定了航天飞机的发射要冒风险。但是一向以创新为荣的NASA却并不愿意再使用一次性火箭将人送往太空 。
参考资料来源：百度百科-挑战者号航天飞机
百度百科-哥伦比亚号
1986年1月28日，美国"挑战者"号航天飞机在升空后不久发生爆炸，7名机组人员全部遇难。2003年2月1日美国东部时间上午9时，美国"哥伦比亚"号航天飞机在得克萨斯州北部上空解体坠毁，7名宇航员全部都遇难。美国的这两次航天飞机失事，相隔了差不多17年时间。
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