100分悬赏英文介绍牛顿生平的文章 牛顿生平简介 英文版
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British great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, established mathematics of science because of establishing binomial equation axioms and infinite theories, established the mechanics of science because of knowing the man's natural character of the mechanics."Really, Newton made to lay foundation stone sexual contribution in the natural science realm and be rated as science huge Jiang.
Newton was born at a farmer family of Lincolnshire in British the north.In 1661 pass examination Cambridge university the inside Ni Di a school especially, graduate in 1665, at this time just in time plague, Newton goes home to avoid epidemic disease for two years, the period almost considered his whole life in each aspect study, especially he wins from cradle to the grave of a few major contributions:Gravitational theory, classic mechanics, calculus and optics.
Newton discovers gravitational theory, built up classic mechanics, he uses a formula the biggest ephemeris sport in the cosmos and minimum grain sport of the son unify.The cosmos becomes thus clear:All of whichever sports are to without cause take place, is all long long of a series of cause and effect chain be an appearance, a link within, is can accurate description.People break several thoughts that the wills of thousand in the last years absolute beings rule world, start believe there is no thing is can't be accurate by intelligence knowing of.Compare at his ories, Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science.
Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner, his quest to the truth is a such Chi fan, with as for all of his ories results just reveal to the public under the urge sincerely of other people and say that the creation is the biggest fun to Newton.
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Shaun Newton: Wolverhampton Wanderers
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Profile
Squad No: 20
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Comments: Born: Camberwell, 20/8/1975 (Aged 26)
Previous Club: Charlton Athletic
Height: 5' 8"
International Honours: England U21
The flying winger, signed in a deal that could eventually be worth £1 million to Charlton, is very quick and very hard working. Just the sort of player that Wolves fans love. He's come to Wolves with a good reputation and experience of playing in the top division. He has experienced Promotion twice and relegation from the Premier League. He's also played in the Charlton side that stayed in the Premier League and played really well last season. He knows what it takes to get there and to stay there.
He will give us the balance in midfield that we haven't had for a long time. He can deliver a mean cross and combined with Kennedy on the left should provide a lot of opportunities for last seasons goal starved forwards.
As a firm opponent of the attempt by King James II to make the universities into Catholic institutions, Newton was elected Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689, and sat again in 1701-1702. Meanwhile, in 1696 he had moved to London as Warden of the Royal Mint. He became Master of the Mint in 1699, an office he retained to his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1671, and in 1703 he became President, being annually re-elected for the rest of his life. His major work, Opticks, appeared the next year; he was knighted in Cambridge in 1705.
As Newtonian science became increasingly accepted on the Continent, and especially after a general peace was restored in 1714, following the War of the Spanish Succession, Newton became the most highly esteemed natural philosopher in Europe. His last decades were passed in revising his major works, polishing his studies of ancient history, and defending himself against critics, as well as carrying out his official duties. Newton was modest, diffident, and a man of simple tastes. He was angered by criticism or opposition, and harboured resentment; he was harsh towards enemies but generous to friends. In government, and at the Royal Society, he proved an able administrator. He never married and lived modestly, but was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey.
Newton has been regarded for almost 300 years as the founding examplar of modern physical science, his achievements in experimental investigation being as innovative as those in mathematical research. With equal, if not greater, energy and originality he also plunged into chemistry, the early history of Western civilization, and theology; among his special studies was an investigation of the form and dimensions, as described in the Bible, of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.
II OPTICS
In 1664, while still a student, Newton read recent work on optics and light by the English physicists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; he also studied both the mathematics and the physics of the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films (for example, of oil on water, or soap bubbles), using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.
The roots of these unconventional ideas were with Newton by about 1668; when first expressed (tersely and partially) in public in 1672 and 1675, they provoked hostile criticism, mainly because colours were thought to be modified forms of homogeneous white light. Doubts, and Newton's rejoinders, were printed in the learned journals. Notably, the scepticism of Christiaan Huygens and the failure of the French physicist Edmé Mariotte to duplicate Newton's refraction experiments in 1681 set scientists on the Continent against him for a generation. The publication of Opticks, largely written by 1692, was delayed by Newton until the critics were dead. The book was still imperfect: the colours of diffraction defeated Newton. Nevertheless, Opticks established itself, from about 1715, as a model of the interweaving of theory with quantitative experimentation.
III MATHEMATICS
In mathematics too, early brilliance appeared in Newton's student notes. He may have learnt geometry at school, though he always spoke of himself as self-taught; certainly he advanced through studying the writings of his compatriots William Oughtred and John Wallis, and of Descartes and the Dutch school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his "method of fluxions" and "inverse method of fluxions", respectively equivalent to Leibniz's later differential and integral calculus. Newton used the term "fluxion" (from Latin meaning "flow") because he imagined a quantity "flowing" from one magnitude to another. Fluxions were expressed algebraically, as Leibniz's differentials were, but Newton made extensive use also (especially in the Principia) of analogous geometrical arguments. Late in life, Newton expressed regret for the algebraic style of recent mathematical progress, preferring the geometrical method of the Classical Greeks, which he regarded as clearer and more rigorous.
Newton's work on pure mathematics was virtually hidden from all but his correspondents until 1704, when he published, with Opticks, a tract on the quadrature of curves (integration) and another on the classification of the cubic curves. His Cambridge lectures, delivered from about 1673 to 1683, were published in 1707.
The Calculus Priority Dispute
Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions. In 1684 Leibniz published his first paper on calculus; a small group of mathematicians took up his ideas.
In the 1690s Newton's friends proclaimed the priority of Newton's methods of fluxions. Supporters of Leibniz asserted that he had communicated the differential method to Newton, although Leibniz had claimed no such thing. Newtonians then asserted, rightly, that Leibniz had seen papers of Newton's during a London visit in 1676; in reality, Leibniz had taken no notice of material on fluxions. A violent dispute sprang up, part public, part private, extended by Leibniz to attacks on Newton's theory of gravitation and his ideas about God and creation; it was not ended even by Leibniz's death in 1716. The dispute delayed the reception of Newtonian science on the Continent, and dissuaded British mathematicians from sharing the researches of Continental colleagues for a century.
IV MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION
According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. These early explorations were not soon exploited by Newton, though he studied astronomy and the problems of planetary motion.
Correspondence with Hooke (1679-1680) redirected Newton to the problem of the path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley in August 1684. Halley's interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh, to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the Principia.
Book I of the Principia states the foundations of the science of mechanics, developing upon them the mathematics of orbital motion round centres of force. Newton identified gravitation as the fundamental force controlling the motions of the celestial bodies. He never found its cause. To contemporaries who found the idea of attractions across empty space unintelligible, he conceded that they might prove to be caused by the impacts of unseen particles.
Book II inaugurates the theory of fluids: Newton solves problems of fluids in movement and of motion through fluids. From the density of air he calculated the speed of sound waves.
Book III shows the law of gravitation at work in the universe: Newton demonstrates it from the revolutions of the six known planets, including the Earth, and their satellites. However, he could never quite perfect the difficult theory of the Moon's motion. Comets were shown to obey the same law; in later editions, Newton added conjectures on the possibility of their return. He calculated the relative masses of heavenly bodies from their gravitational forces, and the oblateness of Earth and Jupiter, already observed. He explained tidal ebb and flow and the precession of the equinoxes from the forces exerted by the Sun and Moon. All this was done by exact computation.
Newton's work in mechanics was accepted at once in Britain, and universally after half a century. Since then it has been ranked among humanity's greatest achievements in abstract thought. It was extended and perfected by others, notably Pierre Simon de Laplace, without changing its basis and it survived into the late 19th century before it began to show signs of failing. See Quantum Theory; Relativity.
V ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY
Newton left a mass of manuscripts on the subjects of alchemy and chemistry, then closely related topics. Most of these were extracts from books, bibliographies, dictionaries, and so on, but a few are original. He began intensive experimentation in 1669, continuing till he left Cambridge, seeking to unravel the meaning that he hoped was hidden in alchemical obscurity and mysticism. He sought understanding of the nature and structure of all matter, formed from the "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles" that he believed God had created. Most importantly in the "Queries" appended to "Opticks" and in the essay "On the Nature of Acids" (1710), Newton published an incomplete theory of chemical force, concealing his exploration of the alchemists, which became known a century after his death.
VI HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES
Newton owned more books on humanistic learning than on mathematics and science; all his life he studied them deeply. His unpublished "classical scholia"—explanatory notes intended for use in a future edition of the Principia—reveal his knowledge of pre-Socratic philosophy; he read the Fathers of the Church even more deeply. Newton sought to reconcile Greek mythology and record with the Bible, considered the prime authority on the early history of mankind. In his work on chronology he undertook to make Jewish and pagan dates compatible, and to fix them absolutely from an astronomical argument about the earliest constellation figures devised by the Greeks. He put the fall of Troy at 904 BC, about 500 years later than other scholars; this was not well received.
VII RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS AND PERSONALITY
Newton also wrote on Judaeo-Christian prophecy, whose decipherment was essential, he thought, to the understanding of God. His book on the subject, which was reprinted well into the Victorian Age, represented lifelong study. Its message was that Christianity went astray in the 4th century AD, when the first Council of Nicaea propounded erroneous doctrines of the nature of Christ. The full extent of Newton's unorthodoxy was recognized only in the present century: but although a critic of accepted Trinitarian dogmas and the Council of Nicaea, he possessed a deep religious sense, venerated the Bible and accepted its account of creation. In late editions of his scientific works he expressed a strong sense of God's providential role in nature.
VIII PUBLICATIONS
Newton published an edition of Geographia generalis by the German geographer Varenius in 1672. His own letters on optics appeared in print from 1672 to 1676. Then he published nothing until the Principia (published in Latin in 1687; revised in 1713 and 1726; and translated into English in 1729). This was followed by Opticks in 1704; a revised edition in Latin appeared in 1706. Posthumously published writings include The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728), The System of the World (1728), the first draft of Book III of the Principia, and Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St John (1733).
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727), a mathematician and physicist, the most important of all the time is one of the science of intellectuals. The author was born near grantham thorpe, in lincolnshire, his school, he entered the university of Cambridge in, he was elected 1661 trinity college researcher in 1669 Lucas in 1667 and professor of mathematics. He is still in the university, in most years, until in 1696. One in Cambridge, Newton in his creativity, he picked the 1665 - in 1666 (mainly used in lincolnshire. "my age for inventions in Cambridge, mainly because of the plague. In two to three years of hard work, he strong psychological preparation of natural philosophy mathematical theory of natural philosophy, mathematics principle (often called), in principle, although this is just published in 1687.
As king James ii tried to make the institution, the Catholic university of enterprises in Cambridge, England Newton was elected to congress of the congress, and in 1689 convention in 1702 to sit in 1701. At the same time, in in 1696, he was transferred to the royal London's mint. He became master of sixteen nineteen, he retained a mint, its death. Offices, He was elected to the royal society of London, and researchers in 1671 tsar annually, is inaugurated as President he again for the rest of his life. His main works, optical, appeared in Cambridge, he is next in 1705.
Because of the increasingly accepted scientific Newton continent, especially after the comprehensive peace is in 1714 recovery after the Spanish succession wars, Newton became the most respected European natural philosophers. His final years, we through the modification of his major works, polish ancient history research, and to defend themselves, and to criticism of his duties. Newton modesty, lack of confidence, and simple tastes. He was enraged criticism and oppose, and critical to the enemy, and his friends of generosity. In the government and in the royal society, he proved to be a competent administrative. He never married, mild, but in Westminster Abbey very grand burial.
Newton has been regarded as a modern physics of nearly 300 sample was in experimental studies in mathematics as investigating these innovation achievements. With the same, if not more, energy and creativity, he got to the chemical, the early history of western civilization, theology, is one of the special research, shape and size of the investigation, as described in the bible, Solomon temple in Jerusalem.
Two optical
In 1664, although still students read, Newton Boyle and Robert hooker, he also studied French philosopher and mathematics and physics, scientists cartesian British physicist optical and recent work. His glass prism of refraction of light, in a few years of development, the fine linen, and of the experiments, Newton discovered measurable phenomenon in colour, the mathematical model. He found that light color is a diverse mixture in the rainbow and X-ray spectrum (list), every ray is through it in a transparent enter or leave the Angle of refraction. His research, the concept of his film interference color (for example, oil to water, or use a bubble), the simple technologies, extreme keen to measure the film thickness. He thinks, given tiny particle composition. From his experiment, he can be inferred transparent "composed of particles, and according to its size, so the interaction with white, reflect the extent of choice, and the different colors of the surface.
These thoughts, Newton non-traditional about 1668 years, when the first couple (part) in public, concise, and 1675 in 1672, they instigate hostile criticism, mainly because the color is believed to be the modification of the white uniform form. Suspicion and Newton's defence, was printed in academic journals. Notable is, the huygens doubt and French physicist Iraq Dan horse marriott not repeat in 1681 years of experiments of Newton reflects the mainland, he scientist. In optical daqo publications, mainly is written by 1692, delayed until the death of Newton's criticism. This book is still not perfect: diffraction of Newton's defeat. However, optical daqo foothold, from about 1715, as a model of quantitative analysis and theoretical intertwined.
Three mathematics
In mathematics also appeared early brilliant student notes of Newton. He may be learned in school, but he always geometry itself, of course, for oneself through studying the works of his countrymen LeiDeHe otlet walid John William and Descartes and Dutch school advanced. Newton to all branches of mathematics, and then studied, but his contribution to the solutions, especially in the curve drawing thread (differentiation and integration of curve (within) analysis of famous contemporary problem determination geometry. Newton found that these problems not only, but he found inverse method to solve the problem of general curvature in his "flow count method" and the "hug reflux method", equivalent to lai bunni Bates later calculus. Newton use "flow" (from Latin for mean "flow"), because he thought of "flow" from a magnitude to another. Have poured several algebra, if the difference of bunni, but also widely used in Newton (especially in principle) of similar geometry parameters. Later, Newton said recent progress in mathematics, more like algebra style that classical Greek, he thinks, the more clearly the geometric method more strictly.
Newton's work of pure mathematics is hidden, but actually he's all journalists in 1704, until he published, optical, pair of orthogonal curves (integrated) and three times the classification of curve, another. His lecture, Cambridge, provide about 1673-1683 union joins in, is published.
Calculus priority disputes
Newton by the great number of flow of the essence of method. The first one is about people from other mathematicians, privately, and he is in in 1668 fusion method of infinite series. 1675 in Paris in lai bunni Bates independent development of his differential first, summarizes 1677 Newton. Newton has described his math found some lai bunni, but does not include the number of his flow. In 1684 lai bunni Bates calculus, he made the first paper, a small group of for mathematicians picked up his idea.
In 1690 Newton's friend announced the number of flow Newton method of priority. Lai bunni Bates supporters claim he alerted finite difference method, Newton, although no matter it's claim. Newtonians alleges that the correct, this lai bunni saw Isaac Newton's visit to London during the years in 1676, in reality, did not take any lai bunni Bates on several materials. Notice files Arise, o violence disputes, part of private citizens, expand to Newton's theory of gravity and about god and his creation of the idea, it does not end attacks lai bunni mainz in 1716, and even death. The dispute of delaying Newton science from the mainland, share a century of colleagues studied the British mathematician discouraged.
Four, mechanics and gravity
According to the story, this is known in the orchard see at a certain time period, 1665 or in 1666, Newton, equally authentic jurisdiction moon and apple apple bill. He must hold on the moon orbit computation of strength and power, for the ground. He also held high force calculation to hang a piece of stone, and between the length of the pendulum swing and the relationship of time. These early exploration, is not in the short-term use Newton, but he studied astronomy and planetary motion.
With the backing (1679) - 168 to redirect the communication from the central power of Newton inverse distance square, due to the change of the path problem, he decided it is an ellipse, therefore, notice in 1684 haley in August. Hadley's interest, Newton, a proof to the brief, finally wrote mechanics principle.
The principle of mechanics in library science foundation for their development, orbiting round the force mathematical center. Newton identified as the basic control objects gravitation of sports. He didn't find it. In order to contemporary who discovered the blank don't understand attractions across ideas, he admitted that they might prove by to see the impact of particles.
The second volume of the ceremony by Newton's theory of fluid flow in solution, fluid movement and the problems of motion. From the air density, he calculates the speed of sound.
The third book shows, in the universe work of gravitation, Newton, six known planets from the revolution, it includes the earth and its satellites. However, he never very perfect moon bill difficult theory. Comets are showed obey the same law, in later editions, Newton returned to the possibility of their images. He calculated from their bodies of gravity, earth and relatively flat rate, Jupiter observed. He explained the tides and flow from the sun and the moon, and the strength of locations precession. All this is through the accurate calculation.
The work is Newtonian mechanics once accepted, common in Britain after half a century. Since then, was awarded the mankind's greatest achievements of abstract thinking. This is to expand and improve others, especially Pierre, not changing Laplace Simon, and become the basis of late 19th century began to appear, signs of failure. See, the theory of relativity quantum theory.
V alchemy and chemistry
Newton leave alchemy and chemical subject large-scale manuscripts, and closely related issues. Most books, dictionaries, bibliography, but there are many extract etc are original. He started in 1669 by dense test, until he left Cambridge, trying to solve this meaning, he hopes in alchemy and obscure mysteries hidden. He asked all material properties and structure of solid, hard to permeate, Marcy, portable particle, "he believed god created the understanding. The most important is "to" extra ", "optical daqo inquires prose" theory and the nature of the acid (1710), published a Newton's theory of incomplete chemical power, conceal his alchemists, this is called a century later, he died of exploration.
Six, history and chronology research
Newton is not have math and science learning more books, he studied deeply. He has published "classic", in the future scholia principle of the explanatory notes, use knowledge of his former Socrates said he has read philosophy, the church even further. Newton's trying to reconcile Greek mythology and records of the bible, review about the main power on the history of early man. At his age, he promised the jews and of the pagan date compatible, and from the earliest signs of about repairing the astronomical Greek design parameters, they absolutely. He put in approximately 500 years ago, commercial, than other scholars, isn't this Trojan welcome.
Seven, religious belief and personality
Newton also wrote the jewish Christian prophecy, its decryption is essential to god, he thinks, the understanding. He to this problem, this is the book to reprint the Victorian era, represents a lifelong learning. It is, in the direction of Christianity in the 4th century, when the first Olympic council of Asia propounded the properties of the error theory of Christ. Newton's unorthodox severity is admitted to only in this century, though, we accept criticism and the doctrine of the trinity Asia archduke conference, he has deep religious sense, respect of the bible, and accept the create account. In his book, he said later versions scientific nature of god providence function strong sense of responsibility.
Eighth publications
Newton published in 1672 in Germany geographers valencia Newcastle's geography canna version. In his letter to the optical appeared in 1672 in printing 1676. Then he released to what principle (published in 1867 in Latin America, in in 1713 and c. 1726 revision; and translated into English, in in 1729). Next year, the optical daqo in 1704 one in Latin America, in 1706 in revision. After the death of the publication of the works, including ancient kingdoms fixed (1728), in the world (1728) system, in the third book chronology principle and draft Daniel prophecy and John (1733) revelation.
牛顿的英文介绍
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. New
I. Biography Newton (1643-1727) is a famous British physicist, mathematician and astronomer, is the seventeenth century's greatest scientific giants.
January 4, 1643 (Julian calendar December 25, 1642) Newton was born in Lincolnshire, England, a small town乌尔斯索普farm families. 12-year-old into the home near Grantham School. Newton in 1661 to reduce the fee status of students entering Trinity College, Cambridge, 1664 became a scholarship in 1665 received a bachelor's degree.
1665 ~ 1666 London epidemic. Cambridge, not far from London, in order to spread fear, the school closed. Newton was in June 1665 returned home乌尔斯索普.
Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667, was elected October 1 Trinity College Institute of Zhong Lu, the following year was elected March 16 are hospital companion. Barrow right time in order to have full understanding of Newton's. October 27, 1669 Barrow, it gave only 26-year-old Newton to succeed him as Lucasian professor.
In 1672 he has been admitted as members of the Royal Society, in 1703 was elected President of the Royal Society
Newton in 1696 finding a mint supervisory positions, in 1699 he was promoted to director and in 1701 resigned from the work of the University of Cambridge. Knighted in 1705.
Newton in his later years suffered from bladder stones, rheumatism and other diseases, on March 30, 1727 died in London on the night, buried in West Church, died at 84. People to commemorate the Newton, specially named in his power unit, referred to as "buffalo."
Second, scientific achievements
Newton's lifetime contribution to the cause of science, covering physics, mathematics and astronomy and other fields.
1. Newton's most important achievements in physics, is the creation of a basic system of classical mechanics to light the history of physics became the first major comprehensive.
2 £? For optics, Newton is committed to light the nature of color and light studies, also made a significant contribution.
3 £? Newton in mathematics, summed up and developed the work of their predecessors, proposed the "flow counting method" and founded the binomial theorem, the creation of calculus.
4 £? In astronomy, Newton discovered the law of gravity, created a reflecting telescope, and use it to initially observed the laws of planetary motion.
Newton in the 17th century, designed to telescope 70 years. It is generally known as the reflecting telescope, the effect is far better than that designed by the famous Galileo refracting telescope.
Third, anecdotal
A £? Landing on the story of Apple's
An accidental event can often trigger a scientist thinking flash.
This is the 1666 late summer evening a Wenai in England Lincolnshire乌尔斯索普, a book under his arm a young man walked into his mother's house in the garden, sitting under a tree, began to buried read his book. When he was flipping the pages, he was head of the branch there shaking things up. A history of the most famous apple fall down, hit 23-year-old Isaac Newton's head
Happen to be in that day, Newton was hard to think of a question: What is it that makes the moon around the earth keep running track, and to keep the planet in its orbit around the sun? Why are only the apple hit his head will fall to the floor? It is from consideration of the issue, he has found the answers to these - theory of gravitation.
Since Newton's "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica," a book is the Euclidean geometry used in the way of explanation, it is a tight, perfect system, the book does not describe the story of Apple's fall, leading many people fall apples one that expressed reservations.
In fact, Newton's relatives and friends on many occasions confirmed that the story of Apple's fall. French writers, scientists, Voltaire had remembered, but he died in the year before Newton's, that is to go to England in 1726, listening to Newton's step-sister said, one day, Newton was lying under the apple tree, suddenly saw an apple fall caused his thinking. Newton had an idea, the brain suddenly to form a view: apples fall and planets around the day will not be dominated by the same law of the universe from? Understand this law of universal gravitation.
Newton in his later years a close friend of Sri Lanka dockray also clearly mentioned that, in April 1726 one day, and Newton, after lunch, went to Newton's home and garden together, and in tea under the apple tree. In his talk, "he said (referring to Newton's) told me that it is in the past under the same conditions, pay attention to the idea of gravity in his mind, it is in the apple tree, under the accidental, when he was in meditation and reflection into. "
There are also a close friend of Newton in his later years in the Remembrance of Pan Burton Newton's writings, also touched on Apple's fall caused by the gravitational inverse-square relationship between certification story.
Newton in his later years about that time again, Apple's story, it is from Apple's fall was already 60 years have passed, why the memory of an old man on this issue so profound, I think there are two reasons: first, because the law of universal gravitation is a remarkable The stellar results, the parties to the triggering event is of course deeply inspired by the excitement and miss; followed the dispute with Hooke also left a deep memory of Newton from one side to clarify the truth, should be considered as an apple fall that fact is established.
2. Unreasoning passion for scientific research
Newton's scientific focus to the infatuation stage. Newton said to have a boiled egg, while he was reading while working, unwittingly thrown into the pot to a pocket watch, and so boiled to open after the Uncovery a look, before we know the wrong to watch as eggs cooked. On another occasion
Comments: Born: Camberwell, 20/8/1975 (Aged 26)
Previous Club: Charlton Athletic
Height: 5' 8"
International Honours: England U21
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绛旓細Leibniz had taken no notice of material on fluxions. A violent dispute sprang up, part public, part private, extended by Leibniz to attacks on Newton's theory of gravitation and his ideas about God and creation; it was not ended even by Leibniz's death ...
绛旓細In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book...
绛旓細鎮ㄥソ锛屼互涓嬫槸涓绡鐗涢】鐨勮嫳鏂囩畝浠锛屽苟闄勫甫姹夎瀵圭収锛屽笇鏈涙偍鍠滄锛欱ritish great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, establishe...
绛旓細Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science.Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner,
绛旓細Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an...
绛旓細鐗涢】鐨勮嫳鏂囦粙缁 English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by...
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绛旓細Newton 1642, was born in a small village in England.12 years of age to enter school, at first only interesting in math, then strenuously reading, and finally among the best in class.In 1661 he read into the University of Cambridge study, after a good teacher's careful ...
绛旓細鑻辨枃锛 Newton (1643-1727), the history of mankind there have been the greatest, most influential scientists, physicists, mathematicians, philosophers, and the British Royal Society. Made a significant contribution in the fields of science. Astronomy by demonstrating consistency between ...
绛旓細'Why the apple fell down? Whether anything will also fall down or not? Will the sun, the moon and stars fall down,too?'After a lot of experiments, Newton finally found the Law of Gravity.鍒濅腑浣滄枃閮芥槸鐩磋瘧鐨勶紝浠ュ墠鎴戝垵涓殑鏃跺欓兘鏄繖鏍峰仛锛岃屼笖姣忔15鍒嗙殑浣滄枃鎴戦兘鑳芥嬁12-14鍒嗐
