马克·布洛赫认为13世纪以前欧洲不存在贵族的原因是这些贵族没有 记得英国好像有一段历史是 他们的国王在法国也有封地。。然后同...
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\u3000\u3000\u8870\u843d\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\uff081485-1688\u5e74\uff09
\u3000\u3000\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u6325\u970d\u5f97\u5165\u4e0d\u6577\u51fa\uff0c\u4e61\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u5f00\u59cb\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002
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\u3000\u3000\u62dc\u4f26\u66fe\u4efb\u4e0a\u9662\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u96ea\u83b1\u51fa\u8eab\u4e8e\u4ece\u7537\u7235\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0d\u50cf\u6cd5\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u90a3\u6837\u559c\u6b22\u7fa4\u805a\u548c\u6c99\u9f99\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u559c\u6b22\u5e84\u56ed\u3002\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u623f\u820d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u3002\u201d
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\u3000\u30001722\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e09\u4e16\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u738b\u5ba4\u5a5a\u59fb\u6cd5\u300b\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b-19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u79bb\u5a5a\u73874%\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u79bb\u5a5a\u7387\u4e07\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u81f3\u4eca\uff09
\u3000\u30001872\u5e74\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u65e0\u8bb0\u540d\u6295\u7968\u6cd5\u3002
\u3000\u30001876\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u300b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u518d\u7248\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u5927\u5730\u4ea7\u8005\u300b\u3002\u5b83\uff0c\u662f1000\u5e74\u6765\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u8bf4\u660e\u571f\u5730\u5360\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3002
\u3000\u30001894\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5f81\u6536\u9057\u4ea7\u7a0e\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u4eec\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\u3002\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8fdb\u5165\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u7235\u4f4d\u6362\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u6362\u7235\u4f4d\u3002
\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u65b0\u8d35\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u3001\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b7b\u4f24\u8bf8\u591a\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u8001\u8d35\u65cf\u65ad\u4e86\u8840\u8109\u3002\u8fd9\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d7\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5173\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5730\u4ea7\u9510\u51cf\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u88ab\u964c\u751f\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5609\u5fb7\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9ea6\u514b\u7c73\u4f26\u4e5f\u66fe\u62d2\u7edd\u5c01\u7235\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u4e86\u4e16\u88ad\u4f2f\u7235\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc710\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u76f4\u52301998\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4e16\u88ad\u8d35\u65cf\u624d\u7b97\u5bff\u7ec8\u6b63\u5bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u4e0a\u5c11\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f5c\u51fa\u9002\u5f53\u9000\u5374\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u3002\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9707\u8361\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e73\u7a33\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u8fdc\u89c1\u3001\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u59a5\u534f\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u62b9\u6740\u7684\u3002\u201d
\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea17-19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u524d\u4e9b\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u770b\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72BBC\u7ecf\u5178\u540d\u5267\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u8fd8\u597d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u960e\u7167\u7965\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u53f2\u300b\uff0c
\u3000
\u3000\u3000\u5bfc\u8a00\uff1a\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u4e27\u949f
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u8d35\u65cf\u8d77\u6e90\uff08\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u65f6\u671f\uff09
\u3000\u3000\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u9762\u76ee\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u519b\u804c\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5730\u4ea7\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u9057\u4ea7\u8981\u7f34\u7eb3\u6350\u7a0e\u3002600\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6218\u4e71\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u4f9d\u6218\u529f\u8d4f\u8d50\u7ed9\u5c06\u58eb\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u738b\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u725b\u201d\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5f00\u59cb\u53eb\u201c\u54e5\u585e\u7279\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53eb\u201c\u585e\u6069\u201d\uff0c\u8bcd\u8bed\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u7531\u88ab\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u519c\u53d8\u4e3a\u519c\u5974\u3002\u7ea66\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5165\u5b97\u6559\u6210\u4efd\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u745f\u738b\u7684\u624b\u4e0b\u8d25\u5c06\u3002\u5728\u300aWives and Daughters\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c49\u59c6\u96f7\u8001\u7237\uff0c\u5f88\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5230\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\u800c\u9a84\u50b2\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u662f\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u4eba\u548c\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u8005\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u8fbe3\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u4e0e\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u523b\u5c14\uff08\u519c\u6c11\uff09\u4e0e\u54e5\u585e\u7279\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u4f0a\u5c3c\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u507f\u547d\u91d1\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u524d\u8005\u76846\u500d\u3002\u52e4\u52b3\u4e14\u5bb6\u8fd0\u4ea8\u901a\u7684\u523b\u5c14\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u54e5\u585e\u7279\u3002\u5927\u7ea610\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0cEaldorman\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e13\u6307\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u6e10\u6e10\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u4f2f\u7235\u3001\u65b9\u4f2f\u3001\u4eb2\u738b\u7b49\u6db5\u4e49\uff0c\u610f\u5373\u5730\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6559\u4f1a\u6267\u4e8b\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e13\u804c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728800\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u3002\u65e9\u57286-7\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8d35\u65cf\u5173\u5b58\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u76f8\u5f53\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4ece\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u6bd4\u8f83\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u65e2\u80fd\u5e03\u9053\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u6325\u821e\u5b9d\u5251\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8d24\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bae\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u91cd\u5927\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u76f4\u523011\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u4f2f\u7235\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u4e2d\u4e0b\u8d35\u65cf\u585e\u6069\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5dee\u522b\u624d\u7ec8\u4e8e\u660e\u6717\u5316\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u5c01\u5efa\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u7684\u786e\u7acb\uff08\u8bfa\u66fc\u65f6\u671f\uff09
\u3000\u3000\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8f83\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82f1\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u2014\u2014\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u666e\u5929\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u571f\uff1b\u7387\u571f\u4e4b\u6ee8\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u81e3\u3002\u201d\u6cd5\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u793e\u4f1a\u8bed\u8a00\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8bed\uff0c\u4e0b\u5c42\u6c11\u4f17\u8bb2\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u591a\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u548c\u6cd5\u6587\u3002\u76f4\u52301259\u5e74\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4e09\u4e16\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u5728\u4e0a\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002
\u3000\u30001086\u5e74\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u516c\u7235\uff09\uff0c\u5f04\u51fa\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u571f\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u6e05\u518c\u300b\uff0c\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u534a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u5212\u6210\u4e86\u7ef4\u5170\uff08\u519c\u5974\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u6e05\u518c\uff0c\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u672b\u65e5\u5ba1\u5224\u4e66\u201d\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u56e0\u5a5a\u5ac1\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u9886\u5730\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u5411\u56fd\u738b\u7f34\u7eb3\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u8f6c\u8ba9\u8d39\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5728\u8bfa\u66fc\u767b\u9646\u767e\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fd\u738b\u4e0e\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e3a\u8868\u8c61\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9a91\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u91cd\u6b66\u8f7b\u6587\u3002\u7ecf\u5e38\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u6b66\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e38\u6709\u4f24\u4ea1\u3002\u5f97\u80dc\u7684\u9a91\u58eb\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u4eb2\u543b\u4e00\u4f4d\u53ef\u7231\u7684\u5973\u58eb\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u9a91\u58eb\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5373\u8d35\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u65e9\u6668\u4e00\u672c\u6b63\u7ecf\u5730\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u4e2d\u5348\u9157\u9152\u95f9\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0b\u5348\u6d17\u52ab\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u665a\u4e0a\u8c03\u620f\u5987\u5973\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u9a91\u58eb\u5f88\u5c11\u6740\u9a91\u58eb\uff0c\u6b7b\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5e73\u6c11\u6b65\u5175\u3002\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u9a91\u58eb\u548c\u5317\u6b27\u6d77\u76d7\u6ca1\u5565\u533a\u522b\u3002\u9a91\u58eb\u7cbe\u795e\u5316\u4f5c\u66ff\u79c1\u4eba\u590d\u4ec7\u7684\u6218\u6597\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9a91\u58eb\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u201c\u82f1\u96c4\u7231\u7f8e\u4eba\u201d\u300212\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5987\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e08\u592b\u4e4b\u5916\u8981\u6709\u4e2a\u60c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7f3a\u5c11\u9b45\u529b\u3002
\u3000\u30001075\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u7981\u6b627\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5185\u6709\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\u5a5a\u914d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4e0e\u914d\u5076\u76844\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5185\u7684\u8840\u4eb2\u6210\u5a5a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c1215\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5ef7\u4fbf\u5c06\u6b64\u505a\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\uff0c7\u4ee3\u6539\u62104\u4ee3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u95e8\u5f53\u6237\u5bf9\uff0c\u592a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4e86\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5174\u76db\u4e0e\u8870\u843d\uff0812\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b-15\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09
\u3000\u30001399\u5e74-1485\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u6bcf\u6b21\u6539\u671d\u6362\u4ee3\uff0c\u90fd\u7531\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u5177\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u5960\u57fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u6b64\u53d7\u7275\u8fde\u3001\u5371\u53ca\u8eab\u5bb6\u6027\u547d\u3001\u5931\u7235\u4e22\u5b98\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e16\u88ad\u3002
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\u3000\u30001265\u5e74\u7684\u201c\u897f\u95e8\u8bae\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e0b\u9662\u4e43\u81f3\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d77\u6765\u30021325\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u5386\u7ecf\u767e\u5e74\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u30021376\u5e74\uff0c\u9a91\u58eb\u4ee3\u8868\u5f7c\u5f97•\u9a6c\u514b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u8bae\u957f\u300215\u4e16\u7eaa60-70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u9662\u6b63\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u9662\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u9662\u6b63\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0b\u9662\u3002
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\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u8870\u843d\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\uff081485-1688\u5e74\uff09
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\u3000\u3000\u4e0a\u9662\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e0a\u9662\u800c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e0b\u9662\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u62dc\u4f26\u66fe\u4efb\u4e0a\u9662\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u96ea\u83b1\u51fa\u8eab\u4e8e\u4ece\u7537\u7235\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0d\u50cf\u6cd5\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u90a3\u6837\u559c\u6b22\u7fa4\u805a\u548c\u6c99\u9f99\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u559c\u6b22\u5e84\u56ed\u3002\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u623f\u820d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u3002\u201d
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\u3000\u30001722\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e09\u4e16\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u738b\u5ba4\u5a5a\u59fb\u6cd5\u300b\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b-19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u79bb\u5a5a\u73874%\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u79bb\u5a5a\u7387\u4e07\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7b97\u516d\u7ae0 \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u81f3\u4eca\uff09
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\u3000\u3000http://www.cnw3.org/ytht/History_Museum/13/19.html
1． 皇帝 ：拉丁语国家和英国，称Emperor(Empress), 或 Imperator.。日耳曼语（除英语）称Kaiser（凯撒）。俄国人称Imperator或Tsar（沙皇）。 拜占庭和波斯人称Basileus（巴西利乌斯,取代拉丁语的罗马皇帝旧称Augustus?奥古斯都），拜占庭还有皇帝称Autocrator，即独裁者。
2． 国王：King(Queen). 拉丁语国家从Re一词演化， 比如法国国王称Roi.
3． 大公：Grand Duke(Duchess), 神圣罗马帝国的最高贵族等级，第一个被称为大公的是15世纪时期强盛的勃艮第公爵腓力三世。
4． 大公：Archduke（Archduchess）, 这个头衔和在其他日耳曼贵族家族中用的Grand Duke明显不同，似乎仅在哈布斯堡家族的领地中使用。奥地利王室始终保持Archduke的头衔，以显示自己和其他德意志各邦的区别。
马克·布洛赫认为13世纪以前欧洲不存在贵族的原因是这些贵族没有（）。
A、特权和巨额财产
B、世袭制度和封地
C、巨额财产和封地
D、特权和世袭制度
正确答案： D
绛旓細鐗规潈鍜屼笘琚埗搴
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