马克·布洛赫认为13世纪以前欧洲不存在贵族的原因是这些贵族没有
\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u8d6b\u8ba4\u4e3a13\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d35\u65cf\u6ca1\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u7235\u4f4d\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6309\u7167\u7ea7\u522b\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6392\u5217,\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\u6210\u5458\u79f0\u8c13\u3002
1\uff0e \u7687\u5e1d \uff1a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u79f0Emperor(Empress), \u6216 Imperator.\u3002\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\uff08\u9664\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\u79f0Kaiser\uff08\u51ef\u6492\uff09\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u79f0Imperator\u6216Tsar\uff08\u6c99\u7687\uff09\u3002 \u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u79f0Basileus\uff08\u5df4\u897f\u5229\u4e4c\u65af,\u53d6\u4ee3\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u65e7\u79f0Augustus?\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\uff09\uff0c\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u8fd8\u6709\u7687\u5e1d\u79f0Autocrator\uff0c\u5373\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u3002
2\uff0e \u56fd\u738b\uff1aKing(Queen). \u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eceRe\u4e00\u8bcd\u6f14\u5316\uff0c \u6bd4\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u79f0Roi.
3\uff0e \u5927\u516c\uff1aGrand Duke(Duchess), \u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8d35\u65cf\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5927\u516c\u7684\u662f15\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u671f\u5f3a\u76db\u7684\u52c3\u826e\u7b2c\u516c\u7235\u8153\u529b\u4e09\u4e16\u3002
4\uff0e \u5927\u516c\uff1aArchduke\uff08Archduchess\uff09, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\u548c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8d35\u65cf\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e2d\u7528\u7684Grand Duke\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ec5\u5728\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5965\u5730\u5229\u738b\u5ba4\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301Archduke\u7684\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5404\u90a6\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002
5\uff0e \u9009\u4faf\uff1aElector (Electress) \u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u9009\u4faf.\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u6700\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002
6\uff0e \u4eb2\u738b\uff1aPrince(Princess)\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8461\u8404\u7259\u79f0infante
Prince \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u542b\u4e49\uff1a
1\uff09 \u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u6216\u738b\u4f4d\u76f4\u7cfb\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u3002
2\uff09 \u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u987a\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u738b\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\u3002
3\uff09 \u5973\u738b\u7684\u914d\u5076\u3002
4\uff09 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7235\u4f4d\uff0c\u7ea7\u522b\u5728\u516c\u7235\u548c\u4f2f\u7235\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002
5\uff09 \u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u738b\u5ba4\u5c01\u7235\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u79f0\u4eb2\u738b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\u548c\u5217\u652f\u6566\u58eb\u767b\u3002
7\uff0e \u516c\u7235\uff1aDuke( Duchess)\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u79f0Hertog,\uff0c\u6c99\u4fc4\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u7235\u4f4d\u79f0Kniaz\u3002 \u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u7235\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u738b\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u516c\u7235\u662f14\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5eb7\u6c83\u5c14\u516c\u7235\u9ed1\u592a\u5b50\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u516c\u7235\u662f\u9886\u4e3b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e94\u5927\u516c\u7235\uff08\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u58eb\u74e6\u672c\u548c\u6d1b\u6797\uff09\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5934\u8854\u3002 \u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u516c\u7235\u5934\u8854\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5404\u4f4d\u603b\u7763\u7684\u516c\u7235\u5934\u8854\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u80dc\u5229\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4e0d\u5217\u5165\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5934\u8854\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002
8\uff0e \u4faf\u7235\uff1a Marquess(Marchioness) \u3002\u6c99\u4fc4\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u7235\u4f4d\u79f0Boyar. \u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5934\u8854Margrve(Margravine)\uff0c\u5373Mark Graf , \u8fb9\u7586\u4f2f\u7235, \u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a \u5176\u5934\u8854\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5728\u516c\u7235\u548c\u4f2f\u7235\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u662f1356\u5e74\u7684\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821\u8fb9\u7586\u4f2f\u7235\u6208\u767b*\u5e03\u5c14\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u9009\u4faf\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u5927\u5927\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u516c\u7235\u3002
9\uff0e \u4f2f\u7235\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u4f2f\u7235\u5934\u8854\u79f0Earl, \u5176\u4ed6\u738b\u5ba4\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u5934\u8854\u79f0Count\u3002 \u6cd5\u56fd\u79f0Count(Countess)\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u745e\u5178\u6c99\u4fc4\u79f0Graf\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u632a\u5a01\u79f0Jarl\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u738b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6700\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u7235\u4f4d\u3002
10. \u5b50\u7235\uff0cViscount(Viscountess) \u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8be5\u7235\u4f4d\u5728\u73ab\u7470\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u5927\u9646\u5f15\u8fdb\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u4ecb\u4e8eEarl\u548cBaron\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u6700\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u5b50\u7235\u662f\u7c73\u5170\u5b50\u7235\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7c73\u5170\u957f\u671f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u5b50\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5b50\u7235\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f2f\u7235\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u88ab\u79f0\u547c\u4e3aViscount (\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u526f\u4f2f\u7235)\uff0c\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5b50\u7235\u662f\u5df4\u9ece\u4f2f\u7235\u5bb6\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u79f0\u4e3a\u5df4\u9ece\u4f2f\u7235\u5bb6\u7684\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\uff08Edward of the count of Paris, \u5916\u56fd\u7ed5\u53e3\u4ee4\u3002\uff09
11. \u7537\u7235Baron(Baroness)\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e16\u88ad\u8d35\u65cf\u5934\u8854\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u9a91\u58eb\u9886\u5730\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u7537\u7235\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53d6\u6d88\u8d35\u65cf\u5934\u8854\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7537\u7235\u5bb6\u65cf\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5934\u8854\u7684\u5c0a\u79f0: \u201c\u51af\uff08Von\uff09\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u59d3\u6c0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u59d3\u6c0f\u524d\u6709\u201c\u51af\u201d\uff0c\u9ebb\u70e6\u5404\u4f4d\u5728\u53eb\u4ed6\u6216\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u97f3\u8282\u52a0\u4e0a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u628aVon\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u8303\u201d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u597d\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5473\u9053\u5c11\u4e86\u70b9\uff0c\u201c\u51af\u5df4\u65af\u6ed5\u201d\u6bd4\u201c\u8303\u5df4\u65af\u6ed5\u201d\u725b\u591a\u4e86\u3002
12\uff0e \u4ece\u7537\u7235\uff0c Baronet(Baronetess) \uff0c \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u6c99\u4fc4\u3001\u4f4e\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u6b64\u7235\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e16\u88ad\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4f46\u5934\u8854\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u4e0d\u5217\u5165\u8d35\u65cf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5373\u6b64\u7235\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002
13\uff0e \u9a91\u58eb\uff0c Knight. \u6cd5\u56fd\u79f0Chevalie\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u79f0Ridder. \u8d35\u65cf\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4e00\u5c42\uff0c\u5934\u8854\u4e0d\u53ef\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u738b\u5ba4\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u5934\u8854\uff1a\u7235\u58ebSir(Dame)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u53ef\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528Sir\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u79f0\u547c\u67d0\u4eba\u4e3a\u7235\u58eb\u5fc5\u987b\u8fde\u540d\u5e26\u59d3\u4e00\u8d77\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u4e07\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ea\u79f0\u547c\u59d3\u6c0f\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u5176\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u656c(\u6bd4\u5982Sir Issac Newton, \u827e\u8428\u514b*\u725b\u987f\u7235\u58eb\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u79f0Sir Newton, \u540c\u6837\u5c0a\u79f0\u66fc\u8054\u4e3b\u5e05\u4e3a\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u7235\u58eb\u4e5f\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002)
14\uff0e \u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u7b49\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fd8\u6709Esquire\u7684\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e61\u7ec5\uff0c\u548c\u9a91\u58eb\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u8d77\u6e90\u3000\u3000
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u65f6\u671f\uff09\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u9762\u76ee\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u519b\u804c\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5730\u4ea7\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u9057\u4ea7\u8981\u7f34\u7eb3\u6350\u7a0e\u3002600\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6218\u4e71\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u4f9d\u6218\u529f\u8d4f\u8d50\u7ed9\u5c06\u58eb\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u738b\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u725b\u201d\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u3002 \u5f00\u59cb\u53eb\u201c\u54e5\u585e\u7279\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53eb\u201c\u585e\u6069\u201d\uff0c\u8bcd\u8bed\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u7531\u88ab\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u519c\u53d8\u4e3a\u519c\u5974\u3002\u7ea66\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5165\u5b97\u6559\u6210\u4efd\u3002
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\u3000\u300014\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u9a91\u58eb
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\u3000\u3000\u8d35\u65cf\u57ce\u5821
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绛旓細鏉庡娲厛鐢熷湪瀛︽湳鐮旂┒棰嗗煙鏈夌潃娣卞帤鐨勭Н绱備粬鐨勪富瑕佽憲浣滀箣涓鏄13锛15涓栫邯浼︽暒绀句細闃跺眰鍒嗘瀽銆(鐢变腑鍥界ぞ浼氱瀛﹀嚭鐗堢ぞ浜2004骞村嚭鐗)锛岃繖鏈功涓烘垜浠彮绀轰簡閭ｄ釜鏃朵唬鐨勭ぞ浼氱粨鏋勫拰闃剁骇鍔ㄦ併傛澶栵紝浠栬繕缈昏瘧浜嗗閮ㄩ噸瑕佺殑瀛︽湳钁椾綔锛椹厠路甯冩礇璧鐨勩婂皝寤虹ぞ浼氥(鍟嗗姟鍗颁功棣嗭紝2003骞)锛岃繖閮ㄤ綔鍝佹繁鍏ユ帰璁ㄤ簡灏佸缓鍒跺害鐨...
绛旓細20涓栫邯涓湡寮濮,浜轰滑寮濮嬫洿骞挎硾鐨勭爺绌跺皝寤哄埗搴,钁楀悕浜虹墿椹厠路甯冩礇璧涓,涓笘绾殑灏佸缓鍒跺害搴旇鍒嗕负涓や釜灞傞潰鏉ョ悊瑙: 涓銆佸皝鍚涘皝鑷ｅ埗 浜屻佺帇鏉冩仮澶嶅悗鐨勭粡娴庡舰鎬佽繍杞 鑰屼腑鍥姐佽嫃鑱旂殑瀛﹁,鍒欏皢杩欎竴灏佸缓鍒跺害浣滀负缁忔祹鍒跺害鏉ョ爺绌,鎶婂畠涓庡ゴ闅跺埗銆佸墺鍓婂叧绯荤浉鑱旂郴,铏界劧杩欎簺瑙傜偣灏辩幇鍦ㄦ潵鐪嬫槸瀛樺湪纭惉鐨勯敊璇,浣嗕篃鍙互涓绐: ...
