求九章算术的英文介绍 九章算术翻译文
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[\u540d] the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art;
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Jiu Zhang Suan Shu and other ancient mathematical works recorded the specific gravity value of some materials and collected some related computational problems.
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One of the key developments in linear algebra was the modern day method of solving linear systems known as Gauss-Jordan elimination, after German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) and German engineer Wilhelm Jordan (1844-1899). Gauss called the method elimination, even though the Chinese were using an almost identical method nearly two millennia prior. This method stemmed really from Gauss's laziness in leaving off variable stems such as x1, x2, etc. in solving large n-tuples of linear equations while following the asteroid now known as Ceres. His method is explained in his book Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium (1809).
The history of modern linear algebra dates back to the years 1843 and 1844. In 1843, William Rowan Hamilton (from whom the term vector stems) discovered the quaternions. In 1844, Hermann Grassmann published his book Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre (see References). Arthur Cayley introduced matrices, one of the most fundamental linear algebraic ideas, in 1857. These early references belie the fact that linear algebra is mainly a development of the twentieth century: the number-like objects called matrices were hard to place before the development of ring theory in abstract algebra. With the coming of special relativity many practitioners gained appreciation of the subtleties of linear algebra. Furthermore, the routine application of Cramer's rule to solve partial differential equations led to inclusion of linear algebra in standard coursework at universities. For instance, E.T. Copson wrote:
Linear algebra
When I went to Edinburgh as a young lecturer in 1922, I was surprised to find how different the curriculum was from that at Oxford. It included topics such as Lebesgue integration, matrix theory, numerical analysis, Riemannian geometry, of which I knew nothing...
Linear algebra
—E.T. Copson, Preface to Partial Differential Equations, 1973
Francis Galton initiated the use of correlation coefficients in 1888. Often more than one random variable is in play and they may be cross-correlated. In statistical analysis of multivariate random variables the correlation matrix is a natural tool. Thus statistical study of such random vectors helped develop matrix usage.
《九章算术》与《几何原本》比较——兼论其对数学教育的影响
张维忠
对《九章算术》与《几何原本》从内容、结构体系等方面作了比较；从数学价值观、社会文化背景等方面剖析了形成差异的深层次原因；分析了其对数学教育的影响
【作者单位】：西北师范大学教育系
【关键词】：《九章算术》,《几何原本》,数学教育
【分类号】：O11
【DOI】：cnki:ISSN:1001-988X.0.1996-04-017
【正文快照】：
《九章算术》与《几何原本》比较——兼论其对数学教育的影响张维忠（西北师范大学教育系兰州730070）作者简介张维忠，男，32岁．1992年于西北师范大学获硕士学位，现为西北师范大学教育系讲师．主要从事心理与教育统计学的教学与数学教育理论的研究工作．中图法分类号G750摘要对《九章算术》与《几何原本》从内容、结构体系等方面作了比较；从数学价值观、社会文化背景等方面剖析了形成差异的深层次原因；分析了其对数学教育的影响．关键词《九章算术》《几何原本》数学教育1《九章算术》与《几何原本》差异比较1．1内…
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A comparison of nine chapters on the mathematical art and elements
Zhang Weizhong (Department of Education;Northwest Normal University 730070 Lanzhou PRC)
The author compares nine chapters on mathematical art with elements from contents and system,discusses reason of difference from view of mathematics value and background of society and culture,and points out its influence on mathematics education.
【Keyword】：nine chapters on mathematical artelementsmathematics education
Explanation on The Nine Chapters on the Mathamatical Art
本书是一部数学问题集，全书分为方田(面积、分数计算)、粟米(比例) 、衰分(配分比例)、少广(开平方、立方)、商功(体积计算)、均输(复杂的配分比例)、盈不足(盈亏)、方程(线性方程组)、勾股(勾股计算及测量)等九章，共246问2O2术，故称“九章算术”。其内容涉及算术、代数、几何等诸多领域，并与实际生活紧密关联，充分体现了中国人的数学观和生活观。全书章与章之间、同章“术”与“术”之间、同“术”所驭算题之间按照由浅入深、由简而繁的顺序编排。
这是一部与现代数学的主流思想完全吻合的中国数学经典著作，一部最早却能体现现代宇宙学精神的书。它被历代数学家尊为“算经之首”的《九章算术》，是中国古代算法的扛鼎之作，与古希腊欧几里得的《几何原本》并列为途径方法大不相同的、东西辉映的世界两大数学体系的代表。本书是其白话译本，详细介绍了这部数学专著的内容，适合数学研究人员参考学习。
绛旓細the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (Traditional Chinese: 涔濈珷绠楁湳, Simplified Chinese: 涔濈珷绠楁湳, pinyin: Ji菙zh膩ng Su脿nsh霉). Chinese mathematicians developed a system in which they organized linear equations in a rectangular pattern called F膩ng Ch茅ng (鏂圭▼) in Chinese, involving...
绛旓細涔濈珷绠楁湳 [鍚峕 the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art;[渚嬪彞]銆婁節绔犵畻鏈嬬瓑鍙や唬鏁板鍏哥睄璁拌浇浜嗕竴浜涚墿璐ㄧ殑姣旈噸鍊煎強鏀跺綍浜嗕竴浜涗笌姣旈噸鏈夊叧鐨勭畻棰樸侸iu Zhang Suan Shu and other ancient mathematical works recorded the specific gravity value of some materials and collected some related comput...
绛旓細璇戞垚锛欵xplanation on The Nine Chapters on the Mathamatical Art
绛旓細鍗侀儴绠椾功鐨勫悕瀛楁槸:銆婂懆楂绠楃粡銆嬨併涔濈珷绠楁湳銆嬨併婃捣宀涚畻缁忋嬨併婁簲鏇圭畻缁忋嬨併婂瓩瀛愮畻缁忋嬨併婂渚槼绠楃粡銆嬨併婂紶涓樺缓绠楃粡銆嬨併婁簲缁忕畻鏈嬨併婄級鍙ょ畻缁忋嬨併婄紑鏈嬨 杩欏崄閮ㄧ畻涔,浠ャ婂懆楂绠楃粡銆嬩负鏈鏃,涓嶇煡閬撳畠鐨勪綔鑰呮槸璋,鎹冭瘉,瀹冩垚涔︾殑骞翠唬褰撲笉鏅氫簬瑗挎眽鍚庢湡(鍏厓鍓嶄竴涓栫邯)銆傘婂懆楂绠楃粡銆嬩笉浠...
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