求英语科普类文章（附中文） 求一篇英语科普文章，英文版本及其翻译，3000字左右。
\u7ed9\u621115\u7bc7\u82f1\u8bed\u77ed\u6587(7\u7bc7\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u5176\u4f59\u4e0d\u9650,200\u5b57\u5de6\u53f3,\u8981\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1)I. CASE BACKGROUND
1. Abstract:
This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.
2. Description:
There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arduous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)
Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.
In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)
Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.
After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)
The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps\u2019 efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arduous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, \u201cIt is impossible! It is shameful!\u201d (McCullough, 202)
While de Lesseps\u2019 might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan\u2019s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.
The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." (http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html)1 The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.
The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama\u2019s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal\u2019s construction.
Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, due to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern during the wet season in Panama, during the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist industry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)
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\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b,\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d32\u5730\u5ce1\u521d\u4ee5\u6765, 16\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6,\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5730\u533a.\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u8fdb\u5165\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730,\u5bf9\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b.\u867d\u7136,\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u51c6\u5907\u5230\u4f4d,\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u52a8.\u5229\u606f\u52a0\u7d27\u4fee\u7b51\u4e00\u6761\u8fd0\u6cb3\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6,\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u52a0\u5dde1848 .\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b9a\u5c45,\u5bfb\u627e\u571f\u5730\u548c\u9ec4\u91d1,\u60f3\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fbf\u6377\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u6bd4\u4f5c\u8270\u82e6\u8dcb\u6d89,\u6a2a\u8de8\u5927\u9646,\u7f8e\u56fd, 1850\u5e74,\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u63a2\u9669\u961f\u7ec4\u6210,\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a,\u6cd5\u56fd,\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7d22\u8d54\u535a\u58eb\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5361\u4f26\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u8de8\u8d8a\u5305\u62ecdarien\u5dee\u8ddd,\u6700\u77ed\u8ddd\u79bb\u6f6e\u6d41\u6c34\u57df\u662f\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32.\u7f8e\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u961f,\u7531\u6d77\u519b\u4e2d\u5c09\u827e\u8428\u682a,\u63d0\u524d\u62b5\u8fbe,\u5e76\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u5305\u62ecdarien\u5dee\u8ddd\u5361\u4f26\u7684\u6307\u5bfc.\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u83cc\u682a\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5c31\u6b7b\u4e86\u8bef\u5bfc\u63a2\u9669\u548c\u5e94\u53d8\u5ba3\u79f0\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u62ecdarien\u5dee\u8ddd,\u662f"\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645" ( 2.69\u670822-23\u65e5) 1870\u5e74,\u53f8\u4ee4\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u7a7a\u964d\u4eff\u771f\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u8003\u5bdf,\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u62ecdarien\u5dee\u8ddd,\u5e76\u9075\u5faa\u5361\u4f26\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22.\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63a2\u9669\u961f\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u56f0\u96be,\u4ece\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5230\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b,\u4ed6\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u4e86.\u7a7a\u964d\u4eff\u771f\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b,\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5e94\u5efa\u8bf4,\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u900f\u8fc7"\u7981" ,\u5728\u6d77\u5e73\u9762. ( 2.69 , 44 )
\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7\u739b\u4e3daranea\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6216\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08,\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5f00\u8bb2. "\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u795e\u7ecf,\u6bc5\u529b,\u6d3b\u529b,\u4eba\u624d,\u4e3a\u5ba3\u4f20,\u8eab\u4efd\u8bc8\u9a97\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b" ( 53\u5c81, 2.69\u4ebf)\u4e0e\u5378\u4efb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u68a6\u60f3\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u5fb7aranea\u53d6\u5f97\u5efa\u9020\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u53d1\u751f.\u4ed6\u662f\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u517c\u603b\u88c1\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u516c\u53f8\u662f8548\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4ed6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u80a1\u4e1c. \u5fb7aranea\u4e86\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u68a6\u7f81\u5e02\u6c11\u7740\u8ff7\u94c1\u8def\u4e00\u6837,\u4ece\u5df4\u9ece\u5230\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5230\u5317\u4eac,\u6216\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u6d77,\u5728\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u5927\u6c99\u6f20\u4e2d\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u91cc\u5947\u5bf9\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u6d77\u6e7e\u52a0\u8d1d\u65af\u548c\u6d2a\u6c34\u6c14\u538b\u5927\u5c0f\u897f\u73ed\u7259. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,\u4ed6\u80fd\u5426\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406\u548c\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1,\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u5019.\u867d\u7136,\u57281875\u5e74\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5.\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u800c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u603b\u7edf,\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u88ab\u524a\u5f31. \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6,\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u91c7\u53d6\u5bf9\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u8fd0\u6cb3\u4e0e\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u548c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b,\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32.
\u5728\u590f\u5b63, 1875\u5e74,\u5fb7aranea\u5ba3\u5e03\u4ed6\u7684\u613f\u671b,\u5373\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5927\u6d0b\u8fd0\u6cb3\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u5458. ( 58 2.69 ) ,\u53ef\u57281879\u5e74,\u5fb7aranea\u4e3b\u6301\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u5404\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2, 22\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730,\u8ba8\u8bba\u6218\u672f,\u5c31\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u8bbe\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2,\u56fd\u9645\u8fd0\u6cb3\u56fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u8bae,\u5411\u5730\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5730\u70b9.\u6709\u4e89\u8bba\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5e94\u5efa\u4e8e\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u548c\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc.\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u65f6,\u88ab\u9009\u5b9a\u540e,\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u662f,\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u6216\u8fd0\u6cb3\u8239\u95f8.\u5fb7aranea\u5ba3\u5e03,\u5b83\u52bf\u5fc5\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u95ee\u9898\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u88ab\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4ece\u666f\u89c2,\u662f\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5c06\u5efa\u6210.\u8fd9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u662f\u67e5\u683c\u96f7\u65af\u6cb3. "\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684,\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6cb3.\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u8fd0\u6cb3\u8239\u95f8,\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5c06\u8981\u8fc7\u6cb3\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u6b21.\u5982\u679c\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u88ab\u5212\u7834,\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u767d\u5185\u969c.\u79cb\u5b63\u6cb3\u6c34\u5165\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u5c0642\u82f1\u5c3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ea7\u6cb3\u6d41\u5728\u65f1\u5b63\u65f6,\u6cb3\u6c34\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u82f1\u5c3a\u6df1.\u5728\u96e8\u5b63\u6cb3\u6c34\u53ef\u77ac\u95f4\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u6d2a\u6d41,\u4e0a\u534710\u82f1\u5c3a,\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6.\u6210\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u7b49\u5f25\u5929\u7684\u529b\u91cf, \u5982\u679c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u5728\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u6e05\u7b97\u4ee5\u540e. " ( 76 , 2.69 )
\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u592b\u5965\u52aa\u4e01\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6cd5\u6587\u7cfb,\u6865\u6881\u548c\u516c\u8def,\u540c\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u8bf4, \u67e5\u683c\u96f7\u65af\u6cb3\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u5f25\u5408,\u4f46\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3a\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9,\u9700\u8981\u6709\u6c34\u575d\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u6e56.\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e56\u6cca\u4f1a\u50cf\u6e56\u4e2d,\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc,\u5728\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u653e\u5728\u684c\u4e0a. " ,\u5c06\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u6e56,\u540c\u822a\u73ed\u7684\u94c1\u9501,\u50cf\u697c\u68af,\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u6e56\u7531\u4e24\u5927\u6d0b.\u81f3\u4e8e\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc\u6e56\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u56e0\u7d20,\u5728\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc\u8ba1\u5212,\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u7528\u7684\u5bfc\u822a\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u4f9b\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u6e56\u6cca\u5c06\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c34\u575d\u5c06\u4f7f\u6536\u8d39\u6cb3\u6d41\u6d41\u5165\u6e56\u6cca,\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u4e8e1879\u5e745\u670828\u65e5,\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5ba3\u544a\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u6240,\u4e3a\u8fd0\u6cb3\u548c\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u7c7b\u578b\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5c06\u5efa\u6210.
\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5fb7aranea\u8fd4\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd,\u4ece\u4ed63\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee,\u800c\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5c06\u5efa\u6210\u540e,\u4ed6\u7acb\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u7b79\u6b3e\u548c\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8. aranea\u5fb7\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3;\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u7740\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u867d\u7136,\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u53ea\u597d\u51d1\u5408.\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u5927\u4e8e\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762,\u9664\u4e86\u8ddd\u79bb\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u8bad\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u6ca1\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u969c\u788d.\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u539a\u539a\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u4e86\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269,\u7f8e\u6d32\u864e\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u72ee,\u4e00\u5428\u6606\u866b.\u590f\u5929, 1881\u5e74,\u6cd5\u56fd\u53c8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u969c\u788d,\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5de5\u7a0b;\u9ec4\u70ed\u75c5\u548c\u759f\u75be.\u622a\u81f31881\u5e74\u5171\u67092000\u540d\u7537\u5b50\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c,\u5305\u62ec\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458.\u968f\u7740\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u589e\u52a0,\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387.\u622a\u81f31883\u5e74, 1300\u540d\u534e\u5de5\u6b7b\u4e8e\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5168\u5e74.\u800c\u6b63\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55,\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4f1a\u6b7b\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u6708200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )
\u7387\u75c5\u53ea\u6709\u8d8a\u53d8\u8d8a\u7cdf.\u6700\u5dee\u7684\u4e00\u5e74,\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6743\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u662f1885\u5e74,\u6709\u591a\u8fbe40\u4eba,\u6bcf\u5929\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u65f6\u5019. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u5feb,\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u88ab\u8d22\u52a1\u8d39\u7528.\u5fb7aranea '\u52aa\u529b\u63d0\u9ad8\u59a5\u5584\u94b1\u6bd4\u8f83,\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u5019.\u4ed6\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5929\u624d,\u5728\u7b79\u94b1,\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212,\u5e76\u6fc0\u53d1\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u540c\u80de.\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f,\u4fdd\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8270\u82e6,\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u548cde aranea\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u7406\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1.\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u52c7\u7684,\u5bf91889\u5e742\u67084\u65e5,\u80a1\u4e1c\u5bf9\u539f\u516c\u53f8\u6307\u5b9a\u6e05\u7b97\u4eba\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u52aa\u529b\u544a\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d.\u5fb7 aranea\u53ea\u80fd\u5600\u5495, "\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684!\u5b9e\u5728\u53ef\u803b! " ( 2.69 , 202 )
\u800c\u5fb7aranea '\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u60f3\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u6240\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u91cd\u8981\u7684,\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730,\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0.\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u548c\u961f\u957f\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u9a6c\u6c49\u538c\u5026\u4e86\u75f4\u8ff7\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u5b9e\u529b.\u6d77\u4e0a\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684, \u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u548c\u5e73,\u56e0\u6b64,\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u529b\u91cf\u5c06\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a.\u56e0\u6b64,\u6709\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf,\u4f18\u826f\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3,\u7535\u529b\u8d85\u8fc7\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u548c\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c06\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u8fd0\u6cb3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684.\u9a6c\u6c49\u7684\u7406\u8bba,\u5bf9\u6d77\u6743\u7684\u51b2\u7a81,\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u578b\u7f18,\u7235\u58ebmackinder\u6392\u51fa. mackinder\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u7a7a\u95f4\u6574\u5408\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u5185\u9970\u5927\u6d32\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684. ( http://www.list.org/ ~ mdoyle / theory.html )\u4e5f\u8bb8\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d70mackinder\u548c\u9a6c\u6c49,\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u5fb7aranea\u62b5\u8fbe\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c,\u5bf9\u8fd0\u6cb3,\u7f8e\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u94c1\u8def, 1814\u5e74\u7ed3\u80a0\u764c,\u5bf9\u5317\u90e8\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e00\u65b9,\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5e02\u5bf9\u5357\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u65b9\u9762.\u94c1\u8def\u9664\u4e86\u8fd0\u6cb3, 1914\u5e74\u5141\u8bb8\u7f8e\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u63a7\u5236\u6240\u6709\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u8239\u53ea\u6765\u5f80\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u548c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b,\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136.
\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u8230\u961f\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u6765\u5f80\u4e8e\u52a0\u52d2\u6bd4\u6d77\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5730\u533a\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u4ee5 18000\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u5468\u56f4\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32.\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u6d77\u4f0a\u524d\u5f80\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6761\u4ef6,\u4e70\u533a\u57df,\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u5de5,\u5728\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7701\u7684\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c.\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u56fd\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86.\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u6ca1\u6709\u77a7\u5f97\u8d77\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u8868\u660e,\u5728\u6b64\u5f15\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u8bdd: "\u6211\u4eec\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u571f\u532a, "\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7834\u95e8. "\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u51c6\u5907.\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5360\u636e\u5730\u5ce1\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55,\u5e76\u7740\u624b\u6316\u6398\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u9769\u547d,\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5f88\u5feb. " ( http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html ) 1\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d3e\u51fa\u6218\u8230\u4e4b\u5916\u7ed3\u80a0\u764c\u548c\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5e02,\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u519b\u961f\u8c03\u52a8,\u800c\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u53db\u519b\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb, 1903\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5.\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e3b\u6743\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u4ed81000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u524d\u9762,\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u8fd0\u6cb3\u533a.
\u7f8e\u56fd\u843d\u5f97\u5efa\u8bbe\u8fd0\u6cb3\u901a\u8fc7\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c,\u5f00\u653e\u76841914\u5e74, \u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5.\u7f8e\u56fd\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u535a\u58ebgorgas\u66fe\u7814\u5236\u6cbb\u7597\u759f\u75be\u548c\u9ec4\u70ed\u75c5,\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5.\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u5373\u5174,\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u7ecf\u9a8c,\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4e86,\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9677\u5165\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u7684\u5730\u5f62.\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u8f6c\u5411\u5de5\u7a0b\u8ba1\u5212\u4ece\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u8fd0\u6cb3\u9501\u5b9a\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u603b\u8d77\u6765,\u7f8e\u56fd\u906d\u53d7\u4e865000\u591a\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1,\u4f7f\u603b\u6570\u8fbe\u5230 25000\u591a\u540d,\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb30\u5e74\u671f\u95f4,\u8fd0\u6cb3\u7684\u5efa\u9020.
\u4eca\u5929,\u8fd0\u6cb3\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u95ee\u9898,\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a,\u5982\u679c\u8fd0\u6cb3\u7ee7\u7eed\u6709\u6548.\u780d\u4f10\u96e8\u6797\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd0\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c34\u571f\u6d41\u5931.\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5c06\u6ee1\u8d1f\u8377\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4,\u57282009\u5e74,\u7531\u4e8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u589e\u52a0,\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32,\u6de1\u6c34\u7528\u6765\u586b\u8865\u95e8\u9501\u662f\u6392\u7a7a\u51fa\u9ad8\u901f\u7387.\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u96e8\u5b63\u671f\u95f4,\u5728\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c,\u6bcf\u9022\u65f1\u5b63, 12\u6708\u81f34\u6708,\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u707e\u96be.\u6bc1\u6797\u4e5f\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e86\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a,\u5e94\u5927\u591a\u6570\u91ce\u751f\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd0\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u6d88\u5931.\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u8fd0\u6cb3\u4eca\u5929\u9762\u4e34\u6570\u989d\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u7a7f\u8d8a\u8fd0\u6cb3\u6bcf\u5929\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u5c0f\u8239\u53ea.\u4e0a\u4e2a\u6708,\u5df4\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u51b3\u5b9a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6269\u5927\u8ba1\u5212,\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u9501,\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u65b9\u4ee5\u53ca\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4fa7.\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9501,\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u80fd\u529b,\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd0\u6cb3\u80fd\u5904\u7406,\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4,\u4f7f\u540e\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u578b\u8239\u8236\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5408\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6b21\u9501,\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd0\u6cb3.\u6e20\u9053\u5c06\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u95e8\u9501\u548c\u4e2d\u6c34\u56de\u7528\u5382,\u5c06\u88ab\u5efa\u7acb.\u540c\u65f6, gatun\u6e56\u8bbe\u4e3a\u6df1\u5316,\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u84c4\u6c34\u80fd\u529b. (\u7b2c\u4e09\u5957\u8239\u95f8\u5de5\u7a0b\u6982\u51b5)
\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7ea620\u4e07\u5e74\u524d
Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years
\u6458\u8981\uff1a
\u5bf9\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u4f7f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523019.5\u4e07\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u3002
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.
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A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.
Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.
The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site produced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.
Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.
Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.
Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.
To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.
Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.
"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."
. Members include the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Ming
Wang, more than 2000 asteroids 34 satellites, as well as a lot of comets and meteoroids.
The sun (Sun)
The center of the solar system objects. Are a star. Contains nearly 98% of the solar system quality. With the Earth's average
Distance of 149,600,000 kilometers diameter 1,390,000 kilometers, to the Earth 109 times the volume of the Earth's 1.3 million times, Ping
Are the density of 1.4 grams / cubic centimeter. Surface temperature of about 6000 degrees Celsius, the center temperature of 15 million degrees Celsius. By
Nuclear fission of hydrogen nuclei into helium thermonuclear reaction a large amount of energy. The naked eye we see the surface layer called the "light ball"
, Light balls above a layer called the "chromosphere", the most outer layer called the "corona", which formed the sun's atmosphere. Too
Yang's rotation period is 25 days, the bipolar area is about 35 days, the sun on the most abundant chemical element hydrogen.
The sun's activity stems from its central part. The sun's core pressure of more than 34 billion times the Earth. Here at hair
Health of nuclear fusion. Fusion led to the four proton or a hydrogen atom or helium nuclei阿尔法粒子. Al
Law on the quality of particles smaller than 0.7 percent to four protons, the quality of the remaining energy is transformed into the sun and was released to the table
Noodles, and through the process of emitting light and heat convection. Solar core, through millions of years of energy required to reach
Its surface. Per second have been 700 million tons of hydrogen into helium. In the process, there are about five million tons of net energy
Volume was released, so the sun can make light-emitting.
Photosphere are the chromosphere above. Amount of solar power through the region from the center outward transfer. This layer can be seen too
Yang flares. Flares sunspots are formed before the chromosphere the hydrogen generated by hot clouds. Photosphere at some
Region, a slightly lower temperature than the surrounding (usually 4000 degrees Celsius), this is the sunspot.
The sun's outer atmosphere called the corona. Date the region has bait. Date baits are the upper chromosphere at the enormous
Flame. The most coronal extension of outer space-oriented and radiation generated by the particles from the sun. Coronal only have the whole day
Can be seen when fresh.
The sun's age of about 46 million years, it can continue to burn about 50 million years. At the final stage of its existence, too
Yang will be in the helium into heavy elements, the sun will also be the beginning of the volume continues to expand, until the Earth swallowed. At
一亿年After the red giant stage, the sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf - all stars of the existence
The final stage. Go through several万亿年, it will eventually completely cooled.
Mercury (Mercury)
Ancient China, also known as "辰星." The sun, one of the nine planets. From the sun recently. With solar distance 0.39
Astronomical units, that is 57.91 million kilometers in diameter for 38% of the Earth, mass of the Earth's 5.5%, density of water
5.4 times larger orbit eccentricity, 0.21. Revolution period of 88 days, the rotation period of 59 days. For
The sun side of the temperature of 400 degrees Celsius, while the sun back to -160 degrees Celsius, Mercury has many craters on
And has a strong magnetic field, the surface strength of 1% of the Earth. Shell by the porous soil, or similar surface soil of the moon rock
Composed of stone powder. Mercury is even lower than Jupiter's satellite Ganymede (Ganymede) and Saturn's satellite Titan (soil
Titan) is also small.
Mercury surface similar to the lunar surface. Meteorite dust covered the ups and downs撞成hills, a few kilometers of the fault cliff high
Stretching hundreds of kilometers, large and small craters are everywhere. Looks at the sun than the Earth on large two and a half times.
Because of not enough air to scatter sunlight, the sky is usually dark. If you look up to the sky, he also
Xu will find two bright stars: a bright yellow are the Venus, the other one is blue earth.
On observations from the Earth, Mercury and the sun angle of the largest only 28 degrees at dawn or during the day it appeared in the sky
, So its observation very difficult. In the "sailors" on the 10th visit the Mercury before the awareness of Mercury are
Very small.
Because of its revolution and rotation of the relationship between the more complex, if the sun to rise from the sun for a Down
Units to calculate, on the day of Mercury will be the day the Earth 176.
Mercury appears that it can not exist on the water, its atmosphere is very small, and very high temperatures during the day. However, in 1991
Mercury at the Arctic scientists found an unusual bright spot. Highlights the possible cause of this are at the surface
Or underground ice. Because the orbit of Mercury is rather special, at its North Pole, the sun is always on the horizon only irresolute
Further. At some of the internal crater may never see the sun because of the temperature dropped to -161 degrees Celsius
. Such a low temperature is likely to solidification from the planetary internal release of gas, or accumulation of ice from space
.
Mercury atmospheric pitiful, its main components for helium (42%), Sodium vapor (42%) and oxygen (15%), and its
The average surface temperature of 179 degrees Celsius, up to 427 degrees Celsius, a minimum of -173 degrees Celsius.
Venus (Venus)
Ancient China, also known as "Venus", "Chang", "Taibai", "star" and so on, the nine planets of the solar system
1. According to the order from the sun for the second. With an average distance of the sun 0.72 astronomical units, 108,210,000
Km. Size and the Earth is similar to the diameter of the Earth smaller than 5%, quality 82% of the Earth, the density of water, 5
.2 Times the revolution period of 225 days, the rotation period is 243 days, the rotation direction and the other planets the contrary, the surface cover
Covered a very thick atmosphere, the most carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor low surface temperature as high as 480 degrees Celsius
About. Venus surface of the magnetic field only one-thousandth of the Earth also has an ionosphere. Separately in the morning because of Venus
Morning and evening in the sky, the ancient astrologers have been think there are two such planets, then sub -
Do not be referred to as the "Morningstar" and "evening." In English, Venus - "Venus" (Venus) is an ancient Romanian
Horse of the god of love and beauty. It has always been curly clouds shrouded in mystery at.
Because of Venus and the Earth in size, mass, density and weight on very similar, and almost all of Venus and the Earth
Formed simultaneously by the same nebula, astrologers will have them as sister planets. But recently scientists have discovered
, Venus and the Earth in fact very different. Venus has no oceans, it has been the main ingredients for a thick oxide
Carbon in the atmosphere surrounded by water does not. Its cloud is composed of sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, it
Equivalent to atmospheric pressure at sea level on the Earth 92 times.
Because of Venus's thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide caused by "greenhouse effect", Venus surface temperature up to 482 photo
S degrees. Sunlight through the atmosphere will be hot roast Venus surface. Surface outward radiation of heat at the process by
Atmospheric barrier, can not be distributed into outer space. This makes Venus than in Mercury also hot.
Random surface of Venus is covered with many small craters. Because of Venus's thick atmosphere, a diameter less than 2 kilometers
Crater is almost impossible to retain it. And when a large meteorite in a small pit formed before the meteorite hit the surface of Venus, and its production
Health and debris at the surface of the crater produced exceptional group. Volcanoes and volcanic activity of a lot of the surface of Venus. To
Less 85% of Venus surface covered with volcanic rocks. Many lava flows hundreds of kilometers, fill the lowland, forming a broad
Wide plains. In addition to hundreds of large volcanoes, more than 100,000 small crater Block embellishment at the surface of Venus. From fire
Mountain emitted lava flows resulted in a long trench, ranging up to hundreds of kilometers, one of a range of ultra -
Over 7000 kilometers.
The topography of Venus is covered with vast lava plains and mountains of geological activities undermine or plateau. At
Maxwell Hill Ishtar region are the highest mountain on Venus. Aphrodite highland region occupies almost
Half of the equatorial regions. Magellan plans to obtain more than 2.5 kilometers of Venus images show the existence of the plateau zone prescribed
Bright soil moist. However, in the Venus surface, liquid water are unlikely to exist, and could not explain the bright plateau
Reasons. There was a presumption that these bright regions may be due to metal compounds. Studies have shown that this
Some metals may be iron sulfide. It can not exist in the plain areas, but at high altitude is possible. These payments
May also be an alien, and it led to the effect is the same, but the concentrations are lower.
The Earth (Earth)
The nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the third stars, with the sun's average distance of about 14,960
10,000 kilometers, the volume of around 1,083,200,000,000 cubic kilometers for the equatorial radius is about 6378 kilometers, the radius is extremely 6,3
57 kilometers, a difference of 21 kilometers. The average water density is 5.5 times the revolution period is 365.25 days, the rotation cycle 2
3:56. Revolution of the Earth orbit is an ellipse with the Earth equatorial plane into 23 degrees 26 minutes angle. So generated
The length of the seasons and day and night. Surface has a solid crust. An area of 51,100 km, one of the total marine table
Area of 71%, land is about 29%, surrounded by the atmosphere, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and other gas components. Earth
Has a satellite - the moon. Used to distinguish the characteristics of the Earth are on a black background and blue water, brown and green
Land and the large white cloud.
We are the Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, the remaining 1 percent are other ingredients. Flat surface of the Earth
Both the temperature is 15 degrees Celsius, the mean pressure of 101.3 Pa.
The Earth are the only known solar system planets existence of life. Express our planet's rotation and nickel iron lava nuclear
Heart to generate a vast magnetic field, together with the atmosphere to prevent almost all from the sun and other stars
Harmful rays. The Earth's atmosphere for us to block a lot of meteorites, meteorite much at their arrival and before the
Had been burned.
Since the beginning of human space exploration, our own planet there is a greater awareness. The first man-made human beings to
Ball satellite discovered a strong radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts. The causes are from
Sports Express in the charged particles in the equatorial region of a circular region to capture the Earth's magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field
By the solar wind into a droplet-shaped twist of this phenomenon is also found by satellite. We also found that once we identified
Is very calm for the upper atmosphere, they are very active, and it during the day and evening to narrow expansion. Live by the sun
Dynamic effects of the Earth's upper atmosphere to affect weather and climate.
Apart from the impact of the Earth's climate, the sun's activities are also our atmosphere for the brilliant performances. When the charged particle
Son of the Earth's magnetic field has been captured, they are with our planet's pole impact air molecules so that these open air molecules
Sending light, this is the "Aurora."
Mars (Mars)
Ancient China, also known as "荧惑," the nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the fourth stars. And too
Yang average distance 1.52 astronomical units, or 227,940,000 kilometers in diameter for 53% of the Earth, its size at
Ranked seventh in the solar system. Quality for 11 percent of the Earth, the density of water is 3.9 times the revolution period of 687 days,
Rotation cycle of 24 hours 37 minutes. Mars's equatorial plane and orbital plane 23 degrees 59 minutes into the corner, so on Mars also has
Four Seasons, a quarterly basis and around six months long. Very thin atmosphere, mainly composed of carbon dioxide, the surface temperature at Chek
Road during the day and the highest, at 28 degrees Celsius, down to -132 degrees Celsius at night, white极冠of the main components of water ice
Also has a small amount of dry ice, the size of极冠changes with the seasons. Sometimes disappear in summer and winter increase. Surface
Comparing the same as the Earth has rocks, volcanic and desert regions. On Mars because of the rock, sand and sky are red
Color or pink, so the planet is often also referred to as the "red planet."
The southern hemisphere of Mars are similar to the moon covered with craters of the ancient plateau, while the Northern Hemisphere, mostly organized by young plains
Composition. Mars 24 kilometers high on the "Olympus" Mountains can be called the solar system are the highest mountains. Away from fire
Stars around tens of thousands of kilometers, have two very small stars, which are the Martian satellites.
In Chinese, the name is reminiscent of Mars to the "fire" and hot, but in fact, this red planet is
Abnormal cold and dry. Nevertheless, Mars is still in the solar system and earth are the most similar to a planet. It
Smaller than the size of the Earth, the atmosphere thinner than the Earth.
A very thin atmosphere of Mars, the Earth's atmospheric pressure is only 7 thousandths. The main components of the atmosphere of Mars are dioxoketene
CFCs, and other ingredients are nitrogen, argon, oxygen and so on. Mars atmospheric water at the proportion of only 0.03%
. Thus abnormal drying the surface of Mars.
Mars the average temperature of minus 55 degrees Celsius, while the larger temperature difference: In the summer, daytime temperatures up to
Twenty degrees Celsius, while in winter the temperature can be as low as minus more than 100 degrees Celsius. Mars often have strong winds,
And thus often leads to large-scale dust storms.
Scientists have found that many areas on Mars have been signs of erosion, but it seems to criss-cross the riverbed
Telling us that Mars once had liquid water, they gather into large and small lakes, and even marine
. Scientists, it was explained that at the early formation of Mars, the planet by thick clouds of carbon dioxide
The parcels, resulting in a powerful "greenhouse effect" by the solar radiation, heat the surface of Mars have been obstructing the clouds
Separated, can not be distributed to the outer space, making temperatures rise, so that liquid water to exist. At that time, the warmth of the Martian
Humid, you may have been bred to life.
Mars has two poles at many solid-state carbon dioxide (dry ice), scientists have speculated that in these enormous ice
Cover may exist below the water-solid.
Jupiter (Jupiter)
Ancient China, also known as "岁星," one of the solar system planets. According to the order from the sun for the Fifth stars. And too
Yang average distance of 5.20 astronomical units, or 778,300,000 kilometers. Volume and quality than the other eight planets
Combined, and the equatorial diameter of the Earth 11.18 times for the 142.8 thousand kilometers. The quality of the Earth's 317.89-fold
, Density of water 1.3 times, public transfer cycle 11.86, the rotation cycle for the 9:50 is the fastest one rotation
Stars, so the shape is very flat. Jupiter atmospheric shading shows staggered parallel to the equator of the cloud band, the temperature was about -12
1 degrees Celsius. Well-known Great Red Spot are embedded in the cloud band of clouds. Atmospheric thickness of about 730 kilometers. Atmospheric depths have
Water vapor, but the total amount of less than hydrogen. There are acetylene, ethane and phosphine. Jupiter's magnetosphere has been a huge package
Around with the Earth's magnetosphere similar to, but charged particles within the magnetosphere the energy of the radiation of the Earth is about one million times. Wood
Stars than the Earth magnetic field strong 20-40 times, suggesting that Jupiter has its own energy. Jupiter has 13 satellites, consider someone
There may be satellites fourteenth. There is a halo of Jupiter and Aurora
Chinese Holidays and Festivals Post By：2008-12-2 19:55:05
As well known, different countries have different customs and cultures. With the development of China, it has a rich and unique culture. The holidays and festivals in China are quite different from those in other countries. We have many traditional holidays and festivals. In addition, people in different areas also have their own local customs.
New Year —元旦
It falls on the first day of the year. It marks the beginning of a year. People will plan what to do in the new year. Because they believe that the whole year's work depends on a good start in spring.
Spring Festival —春节
Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is on the first day of the first lunar month(阴历正月). On the eve of the festival, people will paste spring poems(贴春联)with lucky words. They prepare delicious food, dumpling is a must. They also clean their house, but there is no sweeping on spring festival for people think it will sweep away good luck. People often come back home to enjoy family reunion, the whole family will get together for the big dinner. They also exchange greeting with other friends and relatives.
Lantern Festival 元宵节
It comes on the 15th of the first lunar month and it marks the end of the Spring Festival. On this day, people often eat sweet dumplings（元宵）for good luck. They will visit the display of lanterns(灯展)or go to temple fair(庙会)
Qingming 清明节
Qingming —It is also called Tomb-Sweeping Day. It falls on April 4th or 5th . That is a special day for the living to show love and respect to their dead friends or relatives. People often go to sweep the tomb and put the meat, wine in front of the tomb. One interesting thing is that people burn the paper money for the dead.
Dragon Boat Festival 端午节
This day is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month, People often get together to watch the wonderful “Dragon Boat Race”(龙舟大赛)，Rice Dumpling(粽子) is a must on Dragon Boat Festival. People eat Rice Dumpling in memory of the famous poet-屈原who died on this day many years ago.
Mid-autumn Day —中秋
It comes on the 15th of the eighth lunar month. People often gaze at the “Lady in the moon”(嫦娥) and eat moon cakes. The Mid-autumn Day also means harvest
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绛旓細PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD SCIENCE Anyway, even if one wanted to, one couldn't put the clock back to an earlier age. Knowledge and techniques can't just be forgotten. Nor can one prevent further advances in the future. Even if all government money for research were cut off (and ...
绛旓細姹傝嫳璇鏅被鏂囩珷(闄勪腑鏂) 2涓洖绛 #鐑# 涓轰粈涔堢幇鍦ㄦ儏鏅枩鍓ц秺鏉ヨ秺灏戜簡?浼婂嚒濮滅淮 鎺ㄨ崘浜2016-12-01 路 TA鑾峰緱瓒呰繃9609涓禐 鐭ラ亾灏忔湁寤烘爲绛斾富 鍥炵瓟閲:1977 閲囩撼鐜:0% 甯姪鐨勪汉:1129涓 鎴戜篃鍘荤瓟棰樿闂釜浜洪〉 鍏虫敞 灞曞紑鍏ㄩ儴 Are the sun and the solar system to the sun as the center, ...
