非谓语动词有哪些 非谓语动词怎么区分？有哪几种？
\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u8981\u70b9\u54e6\uff1f\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u6307\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u4e0d\u662f\u8c13\u8bed\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3001\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u4f5c\u8c13\u8bed\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u62c5\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5206\u3002
\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u9664\u8c13\u8bed\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u53e5\u5b50\u6210\u5206\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd(the Non-Finite Verbs)\u3002\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e5f\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u7740\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u4e3b\u8bed\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u3001\u72b6\u8bed\u7b49\u3002\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff1a\uff08to\uff09+ do\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3001\u526f\u8bcd\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002
\u5426\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff1anot + (to) do
\u4ee5do\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
1\uff0e\u4e00\u822c\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u6216\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e.
\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
It's nice to meet you.\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u89c1\u5230\u4f60\u3002
He seems to know a lot. \u4ed6\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u61c2\u5f97\u5f88\u591a\u3002
We plan to pay a visit. \u6211\u4eec\u8ba1\u5212\u53bb\u53c2\u89c2\u3002
He wants to be an artist. \u4ed6\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3002
The patient asked to be operated on at once. \u75c5\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u9a6c\u4e0a\u624b\u672f\u3002
The teacher ordered the work to be done. \u8001\u5e08\u8981\u6c42\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002
2\uff0e\u8fdb\u884c\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
The boy pretended to be working hard. \u7537\u5b69\u5047\u88c5\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f97\u5f88\u52aa\u529b\u3002
He seems to be reading in his room. \u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ed6\u6b63\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u9762\u8bfb\u4e66\u3002
3\uff0e\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
I regretted having told a lie. \u6211\u540e\u6094\u6211\u8bf4\u8c0e\u4e86\u3002
I happened to have seen the film. \u6211\u5076\u7136\u770b\u8fc7\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u3002
He is pleased to have met his friend. \u4ed6\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u80fd\u9047\u4e0a\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002
\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\uff1a
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. \u5341\u5206\u949f\u4e4b\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u7684\u3002
To lose your heart means failure. \u7070\u5fc3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5931\u8d25\u3002
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u77ed\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u5e38\u7528it\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7f6e\u4e8e\u53e5\u540e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u53e5\u53ef\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. \u5341\u5206\u949f\u4e4b\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u7684\u3002
It means failure to lose your heart. \u7070\u5fc3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5931\u8d25\u3002
\u5e38\u7528\u53e5\u5f0f\u6709\uff1a1\u3001It+be+\u540d\u8bcd+to do\u30022\u3001It takes sb.+some time+to do\u30023\u3001It+be+\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd+of sb +to do\u3002\u5e38\u7528careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,\u7b49\u8868\u793a\u8d5e\u626c\u6216\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u524d\u7684sb.\u53ef\u4f5c\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u3002
2\uff0e\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed\uff1a
Her job is to clean the hall. \u5979\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u6253\u626b\u5927\u5385\u3002
He appears to have caught a cold. \u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u611f\u5192\u4e86\u3002
3\uff0e\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\uff1a
\u5e38\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u505a\u5bbe\u8bed\u8fde\u7528\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u6709\uff1awant,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff08\u5bbe\u8bed\uff09\u540e\u9762\u6709\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\uff0c\u5219\u7528it\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\uff08\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff09\u540e\u7f6e\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. \u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u53d1\u73b0\u7814\u7a76\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53ef\u5145\u5f53\u4ecb\u8bcd\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
I have no choice but to stay here. \u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u522b\u65e0\u9009\u62e9\u3002
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. \u4ed6\u4e0a\u5468\u65e5\u9664\u4e86\u4fee\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5e72\u3002
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u524d\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4e0e\u7591\u95ee\u8bcd\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. \u4ed6\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002
4\uff0e\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\uff1a
\u5728\u590d\u5408\u5bbe\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u53ef\u5145\u5f53\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u52a8\u8bcd\u5e38\u8ddf\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u5408\u5bbe\u8bed\uff1awant,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ecb\u8bcd\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u5408\u5bbe\u8bed\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema\uff0e \u4ed6\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u505a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u53bb\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3002
\u6709\u4e9b\u52a8\u8bcd\u5982make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5e26\u6709to\u7684\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u6539\u4e3a\u88ab\u52a8\u8bed\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u8981\u52a0to,\u5982\uff1a
I saw him cross the road. \u6211\u770b\u89c1\u4ed6\u6a2a\u8fc7\u516c\u8def\u3002
He was seen to cross the road. \u4ed6\u88ab\u6211\u770b\u89c1\u6a2a\u8fc7\u516c\u8def\u3002
5\uff0e\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\uff1a
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u540e\u3002\u4e0e\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u540d\u8bcd\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a
\u2460\u52a8\u5bbe\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a
I have a meeting to attend. \u6211\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bae\u8981\u51fa\u5e2d\u3002
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5730\u70b9\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u7b49\uff0c\u5e94\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4ecb\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
He found a good house to live in. \u4ed6\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u597d\u623f\u5b50\u3002
The child has nothing to worry about. \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u65e0\u5fe7\u65e0\u8651\u3002
What did you open it with? \u4f60\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6253\u5f00\u5b83\uff1f
\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4fee\u9970time,place,way\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u4ecb\u8bcd\uff1a
He has no place to live. \u4ed6\u65e0\u5904\u5b89\u8eab\u3002
This is the best way to work out this problem. \u8fd9\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6700\u597d\u529e\u6cd5\u3002
\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u540d\u8bcd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u52a8\u4f5c\u627f\u53d7\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u53ef\u7528\u4e3b\u52a8\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u88ab\u52a8\u5f0f\uff1a
Have you got anything to send? \u4f60\u8981\u9001\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u5417\uff1f
Have you got anything to be sent? \u4f60\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u9700\u8981\u9001\u5417\uff1f
\u2461\u8bf4\u660e\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a
We have made a plan to finish the work. \u6211\u4eec\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002
\u2462\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u540d\u8bcd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\uff1a
He is the first to get here. \u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u513f\u3002
\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3001\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e5f\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u7740\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u4e3b\u8bed\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u3001\u72b6\u8bed\u7b49\u3002\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff1a\uff08to\uff09+ do\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3001\u526f\u8bcd\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002
\u5426\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff1anot + (to) do\u3002
1\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u6216\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\u3002
2\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002
3\u3001\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\u3002
\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599
\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u70b9
1\u3001\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u5982\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u548c\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u505a\u4e3b\u8bed\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u3001\u8868\u8bed\u3002
2\u3001\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u5982\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u505a\u5b9a\u8bed\u3001\u8868\u8bed\u6216\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\u3002
3\u3001\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u526f\u8bcd\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u5982\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u3002
4\u3001\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u8c13\u8bed\uff0c\u53d7\u4e3b\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u79f0\u548c\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u8c13\u8bed\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d7\u4e3b\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u79f0\u548c\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002
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1�动词不定式和动名词作主语比较
动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如：
_______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old．（MET 1992）
A．The walk B．Walking C．To walk D．Walk（Key：B）
2�动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较
（1）不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。
His job is building houses．
Our task now is to increase food production．
（2）动词不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的内容，现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers．
The most important thing is to put theory into practice．
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_______ it more difficult．（NMET 1999）
A．not make B．not to make C．not making D．do not make （Key：B）
3�动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较
（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995）
A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）
（2）有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，con- sider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape， excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny等。
The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_______ ．（MET 1987）
A．catching B．to be caught C．being caught D．to catch （Key：C）
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C）
（3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如：love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue等。
I intend to finish／finish- ing the task this morning．
（4）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember， mean，regret，stop，try等。
—The light in the office is still on．
—Oh，I forgot _______ ．（MET 1991）
A．turning it off B．turn it off C．to turn it off D．having turned it off（Key：C）
—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
—Well，now I regret _______ that．（NMET 1995）
A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done（Key：D）
4、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较
（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid等。
The patientwas warned _______ oily food after the operation．（NMET 1996）
A．to eat not B．eating not C．not to eat D．not eating（Key：C）
（2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程；现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分，且表主动意义；过去分词指已经完成的动作，且表被动意义。
Paul doesn't have to be made ．He always works hard．（NMET 1995）
A．learn B．to learn C．learned D．learning（Key：B）
The manager discussed the plan that they would like so see the next year．（NMET 2000）
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out（Key：C）
5�不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较
（1）不定式作定语表示“将要”，现在分词表示“正在”或主动，过去分词表示“已经”。
The Olympic Games，in 776 B．C．，did not include women players until1912．（NMET 1997）
A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing（Key：C）
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door“Sorry to miss you； will call later．”（NMET 1999）
A．read B．reads C．to read D．reading（Key：D）
（2）动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。
a swimming pool动名词作定语，a swim- ming fish现在分词作定语。
6�动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。
late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm．（NMET 2001）
A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having slept（Key：A）
such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river．（NMET 2000）
A．Having suffered B．Suffering C．To suffer D．Suffered（Key：A）
more attention，the trees could have grown better．（MET 1990）
A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given（Key：A）
非谓语动词：即不是谓语的动词形式，主要有三大分类：动词的ing形式
动词的不定式
to
do，动词的分词形式（现在分词和过去分词）
非谓语动词可以充当多种成分，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语
就是不是作谓语呗，凡是在句子中不是主要动词的，做伴随的，没有的话语法也对的，都是非谓语动词。你这是不会分析句子，看看汉语句型吧，也会有帮助。主谓语，或主谓宾，其他都是零碎儿。
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词有三种：不定式（the Infinites）、动名词（the Gerunds）和分词（the Participles）。
动词不定式 动词的ing形式 动词ed形式
在句子中不做谓语
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